Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity Essay

Just as the title describes, Entwistle explains within the book the attempts and varied approaches of integrating both psychology and Christianity, two entities which seem to have been at odds with each other since the time of Galileo. By explaining key historical conflicts, such as instances of friction between religion and science, readers are able to understand how psychology and Christianity are intertwined, and how the same principles that hold them together also seek to push them apart. As said best by Entwistle, â€Å"The interaction of psychology and theology is virtually inevitable due to their mutual interest in understanding the ambiguities and mysteries of human behavior, and healing human brokenness.† (Entwistle, 2010, p.51) According to Entwistle each person has their own worldview, a unique way in which one sees the world around them shaped by their own experiences, knowledge, and culture. The family we were born into, the town we grew up, the continent our town is located all help shape our worldview. Our worldview allows us to question if what we believe is true and if our beliefs have a place within our religion. In taking a Christian worldview believing and understanding in the creation, Fall, redemption, and consummation provides a starting point for integration by allowing Christians to understand how the world around them began and their place in that world. (Entwistle, 2010, p.67) Five paradigms are described as ways of relating psychology to Christianity and they are as follows: enemies, spies, colonialists, neutral parties, and allies as subjects of one sovereign. As enemies, there is no possible way that psychology and Christianity can be integrated. As spies, allegiance is held to one while borrowing principles from the other. As colonialists, there is a recognition of the importance of psychology, but does not attempt to use any of its principles. As neutral parties, both psychology and Christianity recognize findings that are paramount between the two, however both are separated from one another. And lastly, as allies the integration of both psychology and Christianity embrace the word and works of God and his ability to rule over both disciplines. (Entwistle, 2010, p.154) In conclusion, the road to integrating psychology and Christianity continues to be a long one. As Christians, we know that God is the creator of man and that we are born in His image but have sinfully fallen short, and that Jesus died for our sins so we are able to seek forgiveness. The Bible remains our guide for daily living. Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and our behaviors attempting to explain why we think and behave the ways we do. â€Å"Rather, the task at hand is the difficult work of reading the psychological and biblical sources, checking the research and the interpretations, and then asking how together they can help us attain a more complete picture of the human condition.† (Entiwistle, 2010, p.267) Concrete Response In reading this book it triggered a memory from over ten years ago. In 2001, I lost my great-grandmother to heart related issues. For me her death went farther than just losing a relative. As far back as I can remember my great-grandmother was a part of my daily life. My mother had me when she was still in high school so naturally she still lived at home. My father was nonexistent in my life so my world revolved around a house full of women: my mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother. I had just graduated high school and was anxiously approaching the start of my first semester in college the following August. Everyone else in the household was at work, while I was enjoying my summer vacation. It was still early in the morning and my great-grandmother had decided to lay down for an early nap. At this point in her life she needed help remembering when to take her medications so I went to her bedroom to wake her up. Upon entering her bedroom I did not notice anything out of the ordinary, but as I nudged her and called her name I became more frantic as the realization of my worst fears came to fruition, that no matter what I did she would never wake up again. One of the first questions that came to mind was, â€Å"Why God?† Then, â€Å"Why me?† soon followed. But as a Christian, I understood that God has a plan for all of us. When I was able to see through my grief I knew that her suffering on Earth was over and she was in her heavenly home. However, this event solidified in my mind the concept that we are mortals and our days on Earth are numbered. In some way I feel this event helped shape my decision to help others. Reflection In reading this book, some questions come to mind. While discussing the history and innate differences between psychology and Christianity why did Entwistle not find it relevant to discuss the ways the two had been integrated in the past? Relevant to the history of both are the few people through history that have used both psychology and theology in healing the minds and bodies of followers. Even Native American shamans used both the healing properties of plants and medicines and their belief and worship of spiritual beings to restore health to believers. I think it is important that in moving forward for one to understand the past in preventing history from repeating itself and by learning from others mistakes. Another point I feel that Entwistle failed to make is the possibility of our worldview changing. I feel that although our worldview is shaped over the course of our life that there are reasons that would cause a person’s worldview to change dramatically. For instance, let’s consider a child that has known nothing but abuse and neglect since being brought into the world. Everything they know about the world is skewed by the will to merely survive from day to day. Consider how that child’s worldview would change once that child has been removed and placed with either a foster-family or relative that can begin to teach them that love, trust, and stability do exist in the world. Would that child now hold a different worldview? Action I believe that I have learned many things concerning the integration of psychology and Christianity. The community mental health facility in which I work does not endorse the use of religion in counseling sessions due to their ethics and boundaries policy. However, I feel by allowing the client the opportunity to discuss their own feelings and stance on religion opens the door for me as a therapist to utilize that information in integrating religion into their counseling sessions. By allowing them to include such an integral part of their life I feel they are going to be more successful in overcoming illness and life problems that are their undoing. In conclusion, knowing that I have such limited expertise and experience in combining both religion and psychology, I think it is important as a therapist to know if you are practicing outside your realm of knowledge, therefore I am interested in learning what facilities exist that provide Christian counseling in proximity to my hometown. Clients should feel empowered and have options with which services they receive. It is through my years of working as a therapist that I have also learned clients’ want to feel like they are choosing what is best for themselves rather than being forced. I know I share the same views in my own life and hope I can help others heal within theirs. References Entwistle, D.N. (2010). Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity. (Second Edition e.d.). Eugene, OR: Cascade Books.

Consider Shakespeare’s presentation of Portia in “The Merchant of Venice”

â€Å"The Merchant of Venice† is believed to have been written in the 16th century and it is to a large extent reflective of England at the time, which was a patriarchal society. Portia’s character embodies the characteristics of an ideal woman at the time that arguably defers to her father and eventually her husband. However, as the play advances we see a different side of Portia.Shakespeare introduces her character in a very conventional way. He uses Bassanio as a device for introducing the character of Portia. The audience is treated to Bassanio’s perception of Portia. It is through him the audience forms an impression of Portia, with the aid of his effective use of imagery. Bassanio begins with: â€Å"In Belmont there is a lady richly left,And she’s fair, and – fairer than that word – Of wondrous virtues.†To get a clearer picture of who Portia is from Bassiano’s perspective, we consider his choice of words in his description . For example, â€Å"Richly left† – her wealth is the first quality the audience learns about before we hear of her beauty as well as her virtues. The adjective â€Å"fair† and the use of the comparative form â€Å"fairer† in the same line gives the impression that she is stunning. In addition to that, â€Å"wondrous† which qualifies her virtues portrays that she is of impeccable character. Bassanio’s speech foregrounds the idea that a woman’s wealth, fairness and virtues are the qualities men looked for in women at the time.Bassanio then finally formally introduces her to the audience: â€Å"Her name is Portia, nothing undervaluedTo Cato’s daughter, Brutus’ Portia. Nor is the wide world ignorant of her worth†A modern day audience is able to instantly see clearly that women are assigned second-class status, because Bassanio describes her as though she is defined by her relationship with Cato (in this case her daug hter). His reference to her as Brutus’ Portia helps the audience get a feel of what she  is really like, as Shakespeare brings the characters of Brutus and Portia from Julius Caesar, which the audience is most likely familiar with.Portia in Julius Caesar starts out as a devoted wife but as the play progresses shows steadiness as well as masculinity and in fact her character echoes Queen Elizabeth who famously said â€Å"I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king† – these are qualities Portia exemplifies in The Merchant of Venice as well. â€Å"Nor is the wide world ignorant of her worth† informs the audience that everybody acknowledges that she is a catch and she is in fact many men’s dream wife, which lays emphasis on her fairness and virtues. In addition to this he says: â€Å"Renowned suitors, and her sunny locksHang on her temples like a golden fleece, Which makes her seat of Belmont Colchos ’ strand, And many Jasons come in quest of her†Here Bassanio uses classical mythology to qualify. In one of the oldest quest stories, Jason led a party of Greek heroes called the Argonatus through many hazards in order to bring back the Golden Fleece from the shores of Colchis on the Black Sea. His intriguing use of metaphors and simile highlights how there are many men after her.Finally, we meet Portia in the next scene, where her first line is: â€Å"By my troth, Nerissa, my little body is aweary of the great world† This echoes Antonio’s opening line of the play, which highlights the point that the world of Belmont – a feminine world- and the world of Venice – a masculine world- are going to be intrinsically linked throughout the play mainly through Portia and Antonio. Portia then informs the audience of the casket test – which is a test her dead father arranged for her husband to be chosen. â€Å"I may neither choose who I marry, n or refuse who I dislike, so is the will of a living daughter curbed by the will of a dead father.†Portia reiterates Edwin Sandys’s Sermon Sixteen where he insists that children are to accept the advice of their parents in choosing a spouse and in fact concludes that children who marry without the consent of parents are not sanctioned by God. This causes her to carry on her father’s plan even though he is dead. Shakespeare therefore manages to present her as being a dutiful  daughter in addition to being fair and virtuous. In addition to this, Shakespeare portrays Portia as though she is a slave to the casket test because she has no control over whom she marries. This is a conventional portrayal of women and would have been accepted at his time as the thought process of people moved in this direction.We observe that as Nerissa names Portia’s suitors who appear to be coming from all over the world, Portia’s responses, for example: â€Å"I had rathe r be married to a death’s head with a bone in his mouth than to either of these. God defend me of these.† Gives the impression that amidst being virtuous and dutiful she is also selective dismissive and stereotypical. She echoes the anti-Semitism in Venice (Antonio against the Jew, Shylock) through her reaction upon learning of the arrival of the Prince of Morocco: â€Å"†¦If he have the condition of a saint, and the complexion of a devil, I had rather he should shrive me than wive me.† Without even meeting him she makes up her mind that she would rather have him for a confessor than a husband because of his skin colour, which she likens to the devil because devils were traditionally black. From this moment on, it is established to the audience that Antonio and Portia are going to be the link between Belmont and Venice.When Bassanio with his train arrives to take the casket test, we get a love scene, which is arguably the best since Romeo and Juliet. Portia who up until this point has been either warily polite or contemptuously dismissive, now displays a turmoil of emotion as she begs Bassanio to delay his choice: â€Å"I pray you tarry, pause a day or twoBefore you hazard, for in choosing wrong I lose your company; therefore forbear a while.†Shakespeare immediately portrays to the audience that Bassanio is Portia’s desired suitor. Portia changes the rhythm of her speech from prose when she was speaking to Morocco to a softer more poetic verse form. Some may assume that she wants to influence his decision while others may see it as her simply wanting to spend quality time with the man she appears to have fallen in love with before the tension of the casket test takes over. As the scene progresses the we catch a glimpse of a flirty side of Portia, when she says  to Bassanio: â€Å"Upon the rack Bassanio? Then confessWhat treason is mingled with your love.† Following this, Portia insists on â€Å"music† repe atedly in her speech which echoes, â€Å"if music be the food of love play on† from the Twelfth Night thus buttressing that she is trying to influence his decision. In the same breath she arguably poetically transforms Bassanio’s choice of the casket: â€Å"Go Hercules!†Hercules, who is a legendary hero, reinforces that she is currently a slave of the casket test and she is imploring him to liberate her from it. At this point, we begin to see Portia attempting to manipulate the situation in order for it to suit her. When Bassanio finally makes the right choice and wins the lottery of the casket test, Shakespeare uses the device of soliloquy: â€Å"I feel too much thy blessing: make it lessFor I fear I surfeit†To allow the audience feel her joy. She immediately submits all that she has to Bassanio by referring to him as â€Å"Lord Bassanio† which again shows that she is indeed dutiful and subservient. She continues to express her elation and in fact begins to refer to herself in third person: â€Å"Happy in this, she is not yet so oldBut she may learn; happier than this, She is not bred so dull but she can learn; Happiest of all is that her gentle spirit†The use of third person distances Portia from the situation and not owning her joy shows that she doesn’t believe how lucky she is and cannot believe the happiness is really hers, which makes the audience able to respond to her ecstasy even more. In addition, the comparative and superlative form of the adjective â€Å"happy† compels the audience to feel and in fact share her joy. Furthermore, she continues to surrender everything to him: â€Å"Commits itself to yours to be directedAs from her lord, her governor, her king. Myself and what is mine, to you and yours Is now converted. But now I was the lord Of this fair mansion, master of my servants, Queen o’er myself; and even now, but now, This house, these servants, and this same myself Are yours, my lord’s.†She now begins to refer to him as not just as her lord but now her king and governor and she hands over all her wealth and material possessions to him. She is now subservient to the patriarchal society. Although at the beginning, her vulnerability caused her to want to challenge the patriarchal society and now love makes her accept it.We then begin to see a Portia of resource and command. As she sends Bassanio quickly to help Antonio: â€Å"O love! Dispatch all business and be gone.†Amidst her resourcefulness, we see her desperation to make him happy. Following this, the first time the audience sees Portia in the masculine world of Venice, disguised as a man in the courtroom scene where she has come to rescue Antonio, after she has been liberated by the casket test. Portia is given the control from the moment of her discreet ceremonial entry into the scene and she manages to retain it till the end of the scene. She shapes the scene into a rhetorical sy mmetry that would have been evident to an Elizabethan audience. Portia unlike the other Christians refers to Shylock like a human being. She attempts to persuade him by insisting â€Å"mercy† is a divine percept of both their religions, when that doesn’t work – she tries to appeal to his financial instincts: â€Å"Take thrice thy money; bid me tear the bond†She makes it obvious that she is acknowledging the bond but in the same breath takes advantage of his known love for money and implores him to have mercy on Antonio and offers him double the money. Despite this, Shylock refuses again, which she manages to respond: â€Å"Have by some surgeon, Shylock, on your charge,To stop his wounds, lest he do bleed to death†By asking for a doctor to be present she attempts to make Shylock, realise  the inhumane nature of his intentions. Portia is steadily offering Shylock every chance to be merciful. Portia, picking up a reverberation from the world of dall iance with her â€Å"Tarry a little†, steps back into the world of reckoning and authoritatively changes the whole direction of the trial. Overall, Shakespeare presents her as learned, eloquent and confident which is very different to the way she is portrayed – quiet, obedient and submissive prior to this scene. However, it can be argued that because she did it for Bassanio, she is showing her love, subservient and fully committing herself to him and in fact putting into practice the traditional wedding vows even before they’re married.In the fifth and final act, she still expands her freedom, as she grows in authority and dignity, fresh touches of humour enlightening her new traits of courteousness showing. Shakespeare presents her as a woman of perfect simplicity, in her tact especially how she keeps her guest Antonio out of the mock quarrel about the rings even though it is more or less his fault. Her final word of the act, which is â€Å"faithfully†, is reflective of her character throughout the play.To conclude, Shakespeare generally presents her in a positive light not only through her character but also through the ways other characters speak of her. For example when Jessica likens her to being â€Å"heaven on earth† as well as when Lorenzo likens her to a â€Å"god-like amity†. In addition, she is presented as a very interesting and calculating character.

Assess the significance of Judith Butler’s work

Assess the significance of Judith Butlers work The modern meaning of the word 'gender' emerged in the 1970s. Its original purpose was to draw a line between biological sex and how particular thoughts and behaviours could be defined as either 'feminine' or 'masculine' (Pilcher & Whelehan, 2004). The reason for using the word 'gender' was to raise awareness of the exaggeration of biological differences between men and women. The popularity of this meaning for the word 'gender' resulted from the efforts of second wave feminism in the 1970s. This essay examines how second wave feminism attempted to construct a 'grand narrative' of women's oppression. It then examines Judith Butler's contribution to post-modern feminist theory through her performative theory of gender and how this fits into post-modern feminist debates. A product of second wave feminism, which began around 1970, was the attempt to place women within a 'grand narrative' history of their oppression. One of the seminal writers on this narrative was Simone de Beauvoir. H er work in describing how women had become 'the other' in her book The Second Sex (de Beauvoir, 1961) laid the foundations for what was to come in the second wave of feminism (Gamble, 2002). De Beauvoir argues that the way in which men think about women is only in relation to their fantasies, that they have no substance of their own. Unfortunately, for de Beauvoir, women have come to accept men's fantasies of womanhood as constituting their own conception of themselves. For de Beauvoir, it was for women to conceive of themselves in their own terms, to take back the power themselves. A criticism of de Beauvoir's approach was that it tended to blame women for their current condition (Gamble, 2002). The second wave feminists of the 1970s, however, such as Millet (1970), pointed to patriarchy as the root cause of women's oppression. It is patriarchy, so Millet argued, that has become a political institution, and from this flows all the other forms of women's oppression. Firestone (197 0) also took a strong line against patriarchy, equating women's oppression to a caste or class system. Ideological support for patriarchy, in Firestone's view, has come from institutions such as the family, marriage along with romantic love. These ideas are referred to as constructing a 'grand narrative', a way of charting the history and development of particular ideas, in this case women's oppression (MacNay, 1997). One of the problems that much feminist thought has come up against in trying to provide a 'grand narrative' of women's oppression is that it is difficult to effectively give all women a common identity (Whelehan, 1995). If the very idea of gender flows from cultural origins, then it is only natural to conclude that gender has different meanings in different cultural contexts. How then can a common identity be posited? Other critics such as Richards (1982), examining second wave feminism from a liberal perspective, have seen it as a movement that has failed. Richards se es many of the feminist approaches as being extreme and unattractive, and not focussing, as she sees it, on rational debate. She criticises feminists for utilising 'eccentric' arguments which do not conform to the normative expectations of philosophical debate. Further, she criticises feminism for ignoring the obvious differences between men and women – such as women's ability to have children – and thereby presenting an unrealistic picture of utopian gender relations.

Food intake for 3 full days Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Food intake for 3 full days - Essay Example I was also taking evening snacks everyday that provided me lots of carbs. Also, my butter intake (fat) has been increasing since some days. I must cut down on eggs, potatoes and butter to keep the macronutrients in balance. c. Excess of lipids causes heart diseases, stroke, high cholesterol and blood pressure. Too few lipids result in cancer, diabetes, deficiency of fat soluble vitamin, fatty liver and many growth problems (Hesson, 2009, p.45). c. Bread and rice provided me the most fiber while fruits (apple) provided me the least fiber. My food choice trend tells me that I have more liking for bread and rice, and least liking for fruits and vegetables. a. I should cut down my bread and rice intake and should adjust vegetables, cooked or boiled, in lunch or dinner. I should also focus on adding more fruits in my diet like strawberries and bananas, which are very good sources of fiber. I like apples but I must take them along with their skin to increase the amount of fiber. d. For effects of excessive or insufficient protein, carbs and fats, refer to part (2). Excessive fiber causes diarrhea, cramping in abdomen, and other gastrointestinal diseases (Johnson, 2011). Deficiency of fiber causes constipation, obesity, type-2 diabetes and

Importance of a comprehensive business plan Essay

Importance of a comprehensive business plan - Essay Example A comprehensive business plan for a medium sized restaurant can be sub-divided into three parts: business concept, the marketplace and financial position. These three components are split down into more than half-dozen components that encompass the overview of the business plan, a detailed account of the business dealing in food, market strategies guiding the food industry, analysing the position of market rivals, design and development, details about operations and management, and the financial standing of business (Letovsky, & Banschbach, 2011). Unlike small business plans with fewer pages, comprehensive business plans offer the business executives with a detailed outline on how to approach various challenges and capitalize on the strengths and opportunities for the successful running of the business. Business plans serve the important roles of providing a guideline for running the business, especially for start-up ventures in the highly competitive and delicate market environment - the food industry. Business plans enable many small and medium enterprises to cultivate trust with not only credit facilities that may offer financial assistance, but investors who may see it wise to channel a given amount of money to the business. Business plans can also enable a business owner running a medium-sized restaurant to know the position of his or her company in the market (D'Angelo, 2007). Owing to the comprehensive nature of details to be incorporated, a business plan for a medium-sized restaurant can present several challenges as the work of developing one can be daunting and could consume more resources from the amount set aside for starting the business. Components of a comprehensive Business Plan A comprehensive business plan for a medium-sized restaurant has several sections. These sections are clearly detailed to allow business to allow the business owner(s) and managers to have at their finger-tips, what the business entails and what needs to be done at partic ular moments in the life of the business. These include: (a) Executive Summary The executive summary provides a one-glance assessment of what the business plan contains. This section is important because it enables key stakeholders to understand the position of the business, and the assets which are available at the business executives’ disposal for easy deployment when the need arises. (b) Company overview The company report section outlines important details about the business, such as location, size, what the business specializes on and what the goals of the business (Gjerde, & Harlow, 2010). The company overview allows for an easy connection with various stakeholders such as customers, and suppliers for successful business operations. The company overview may also outline the locations of the market rivals, who in this case can be other medium-sized restaurants. This essentially allows for the deployment of the right strategies for competition in order to have an edge ove r the market rivals. (c) Products or Services The part of the business plan which outlines the products or services, ought to offer a clear description of the kind of products and or services the business sells with more focus being based on the value for money. This section cultivates a cordial relationship with clients, thus wins over their loyalty. (d) Market Analysis This section of the business plan should offer a comprehensive description of the

Course Project Task 4-5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Course Project Task 4-5 - Essay Example The corporate level strategy has a good chance of succeeding because Nissan’s management is not new to Thailand. Nissan already enjoys an established presence in Thailand. In order to turn its weaknesses into strengths, Nissan must steer its expansion program carefully so that justification for the eco-car is clear, and the investment pays off. Further, since Nissan is already in the process of corporate restructuring under the Recovery Plan, it can use this to its advantage by molding the new structure so that it specifically supports the expansion program in Thailand. Also, as Thailand has cheaper labor than Japan, the expansion program in Thailand will further help Nissan in slashing labor costs. This would make it a leaner company that can focus on the eco-car and lead the future more profitably. There is thus a greater chance for profitability in Thailand than in Japan with the strong yen. As Nissan already has a presence in Thailand, it has established access to suppliers and dealers. This enables Nissan to use its existing business relationships as a springboard for carrying out the expansion programs. Development of the eco-car specifically is also of special interest to Thailand’s government and to environmental groups. Therefore, gains can definitely be made from synergy and the environment of Thailand is supportive. Nissan’s corporate strategy could identify the new eco-car more closely with Thailand to consolidate the relationship and open up new opportunities for moving beyond Japan and its alliance with Renault. The change would make business sense for Nissan to further its Recovery Plan on one hand and set the stage for the future with its new eco-car on the other. Change is necessary if Nissan wants to thwart its troubles of the past and invent a new eco image for itself in promotion of its Green Program. As for turning threats

Effects of ADHD Medication and Student Performance Essay

Effects of ADHD Medication and Student Performance - Essay Example A baseline will be established for each student prior to the study based on the pretests. The study will be conducted for four months during the academic year. This experimental research design utilizes quantitative methodology with a randomized pretest-posttest control group and treatment group. The research will include 60 students from a fourth grade elementary school who will be randomly assigned to either an experimental treatment or control group, consisting of 30 students in each group. Table of Contents Main Body I. Problem to be investigated 4-5 A. Purpose of the study 4 a. Assumptions 4 B. Justification of the study 5 C. Research question and null hypothesis 5 D. Definition of Terms 6 a. Constitutive Definitions 6 b. Operational Definitions 6 E. Brief overview of the study 7 II. Background and review of related literature 8 A. Theory 9 B. Studies directly related 9-10 C. Studies tangentially related 10-11 References 12 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD is a d isorder characterized by lack of attention, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior (PubMed Health, 2011). Due to these characteristics, children with ADHD have difficulty in school, possibly due to multiple factors. Children with ADHD may be unable to keep up with the lessons due to lack of concentration, or they may be seen as disruptive by their teachers. Consequently, they may be deemed unfit to progress in their schooling and be retained in their current grade, which is something that may have grave consequences on the children’s educational and global development. Parents and teachers must recognize that ADHD is not something to be taken against a child, but a disorder that can be overcome with proper and adequate pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions. Teaching interventions that are more suitable for children with ADHD may help enormously with the children’s proper education and development. Poor outcomes may also be seen in children diagnosed with ADH D who do not receive medication. The goal of this research project is to determine the effectiveness of pharmacologic medication in improving academic outcomes of children diagnosed with ADHD. In the following sections, topics related to the issues discussed above will be addressed. The sections include: the purpose of the study and related assumptions, justification of the study, research question(s) and hypothesis, definition of terms, a brief overview of the study, and a conclusion. Problem to be Investigated The problem to be investigated is determining effective solutions to ensure students diagnosed with ADHD do not suffer academically. Stimulant medication has been suggested as one such solution. Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of ADHD stimulant medication on improving the academic achievement of students diagnosed with ADHD. Assumptions The following assumptions will be made during the study: 1. This sample is representative of the population of elementary students. 2. The instrument used will measure the desired outcome of the research study. 3. The predictive information from this study will be used by counselors, teachers and parents. Justification of the Study Children who are diagnosed often exhibit problem behaviors in the classroom such as inattentiveness,

Week three Assignment 1 MH Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week three 1 MH - Assignment Example Krupp’s efforts through the 1990 Clean Air Act constituting acid rain reduction plan for the marketplace led to public recognition as best green achievement of the 1990s. His efforts are eminent to date at a time when world nations are working towards carbon footprint reduction. Krupp also engaged large American corporations, like McDonald and FedEx, to reduce their ecological impacts through waste eradication Jigar Shah, CEO Carbon War Room. Jigar Shah is both an inspirational and recognized leader universally (Corporate Responsibility Magazine n.p). Shah transformed his university business plan idea of 1999 into a company, SunEdison, in 2003. Through simplified solar as a service, Shah transformed organizations’ attitude towards solar energy by allowing them to purchase them at long-term naturally priced contracts. Today, Shah influences and contributes towards sustainability, global warming, and renewable energy policy

How does the postmodern picture book set out to capture both the adult Essay

How does the postmodern picture book set out to capture both the adult and the child reader's interest - Essay Example By taking into account children’s literature in a record of storybook history it is likely to discern the postmodern inclination in literature and art as an act of going back to or, possibly, a rereading of the fanaticism of a Romantic perception of the relationship between an adult and reader. Postmodern thinkers, like Lyotard, question the trustworthiness of the major literatures that have governed cultural production from the time of the Enlightenment (Beckett 2001). Even though this standpoint may seem to abandon the essentialist nature of Romantic interpretations of childhood, the understood audience of postmodern picture books remains characterised in Romantic terms (Lundin 2004). The components that characterise the texts that will be discussed in this essay as postmodern may be liberating and revolutionary, but the public reading of children’s literature persists to devalue its artistic, visual and experimental value. The devaluation of writing picture books and other literature for children and its relationship with popular culture situate it in a bond with characteristics of high culture that are always challenged in postmodern theories (Thacker & Webb 2002). Moreover, the inequality of the relationship between the ‘innocent, receptive’ (ibid, p. ... nary playfulness and the inclinations of several children’s books to deconstruct require a comparison with the most revolutionary postmodern critiques of art (Moebius 2009). Questions regarding the trustworthiness of Enlightenment absolutes’ metanarratives reveal an unworkable tie between the Romantic ideas of childhood as basically naive, and the postmodern techniques that define the most stimulating current children’s literature (Whalley 2009). Although the challenges to essentialist and absolutes perspective mark postmodernism’s principles, if something quite changing can be thought to present ideologies, the strategies that define texts for children offer a more liberal reading practice that usually seems to depend on a view of children indicative of the Romantic ideas of the pre-social newborn (Browne 1999). Subversion’s components existent, specifically, in current picture books, for instance, entice children as audience to build a strong conn ection to the text and strengthen the ties between romantic disorder and postmodernism introduced by Brooker (1992). Metafictional techniques, narrative fractures, and parodic symbols which draw interest on the increasing values of literature can all be located in current picture books for children (Moebius 2009). Such elements act as a dispute to prevailing interpretations of childhood and represent an implicit audience. The array of themes which involve children and their reading practices: parents, teachers, journalists, and others, voice out an overpowering fear about the influences of present-day society on concepts of childhood as, one way or another, perfect (Goldstone 2009). The conflict in human relationships, most frequently found in the changes in family structures, and the influence of media and

Product Analysis about Fast Food Restaurant Essay

Product Analysis about Fast Food Restaurant - Essay Example With a varied range of fast food items and ready to eat deserts, the company has been operating well in the international market. The company, in order to meet the changing demands, has been updating their marketing strategies as per the need of the changing time. Moreover, the company has also been serving a varied range of delicacies to capture markets of the fast food restaurants. The company has also opened a large number of franchises to serve people better in the larger number (Dominos IP Holder LLC, 2008). Herewith, the paper focuses to complete a detailed analysis of the fast food restaurant. By analyzing the different market recommendations of the fast food restaurant, a detailed picture of their market strategy is framed. The paper also describes the current fast food services the company is trading on from a critical point of view, highlighting its positives and negatives as well. Initially, Domino’s was involved in serving only Pizzas since its inception. Gradually, with the changing demand and taste preferences, the company became diversified in its food services with the inclusion of a variety of flavored pizzas and a varied range of deserts into their product line. In comparison to other food items, its Handmade Pizza has been a Unique Selling Proposition (USP) to the company, attracting high demand from the targeted consumers. The company has also been selling a wide range of products like the Parmesan Bread Bites, Stuffed Cheesy breads and Chocolate Lava Crunch to attract a diversified customer group. The company is recognized to be the bestsellers of a varied range of products, which has set a benchmark in the industry by ensuring timely delivery with quality. To increase the convenience of home delivery, Domino’s has been taking initiatives in opening a virtual store. These virtual stores were designed in order to enhance the customerâ⠂¬â„¢s convenience in placing orders. Additionally, in order to

Corporate Strategies in Small and Medium Enterprises Essay Example for Free

Corporate Strategies in Small and Medium Enterprises Essay The article picked is â€Å"Information technology and corporate strategies in Small and Medium Enterprises† by Poolad Daneshvar, Research Scholar, Department of Business Administration, University of Mysore, India and Dr.H.N.Ramesh, Director Kuvempu University, PG Center, Kadur, Karnataka, India. It is, to be more precise, a synthesis of different researches about the subject: â€Å"How does Information Systems create competitive advantages for the enterprise?† The article, however, focuses on the competitive advantages for the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The difference between Information Systems (IS) and the Information Technology (IT), from the authors’ point of view is the orientation. If IT is most likely technical and supply oriented, IS is the way business makes use of IT depend on the enterprise’s needs. So IS is more demand oriented and business grounded. In the article, the authors rarely separate these two notions, considering that IS is based on IT and the authors’ point is to present how the application and utilization of information can be used to create competitive advantage. The authors also discussed about why SMEs should seize the opportunities to create competitive advantages brought by the IT/IS development. In fact, the main reason for the creation of many large companies that regroup vertical value chain (from raw material, production to sales and customers services) is the transaction costs between the steps in a value chain, due to information asymmetric and assumption of opportunistic behaviors. When big companies are able to set up a whole value chain, they will gain considerable advantages from cost decrease and from the fact that they avoided, at some stages, the pressure from the suppliers and customers. In order to maximize efficiency, the SMEs can only concentrate in certain activities and thus can only be part of a value chain. These companies were struggling in this competition. However, IT/IS gives SMEs chance to increase their ability to compete by three possible ways (Rockart and Scott Morton): Increase efficiency in operations, creat e links with customers and suppliers to increase their switching cost, create new products or new services. The authors explain how IT/IS has influence on competitive advantages of the SMEs in three categories: Internal Strategy, Competitive Strategy and Creation of the Competitive Advantages. The authors precise two applications possible of IT/IS on internal strategy. Firstly, applications on the existing activities to increase efficiency and customers’ satisfaction reduce cost, but the authors stated this application is just basic and cannot be considered strategic. From the authors’ point of view, IT/IS should be applied in Management processes. Some model has been set up throughout the last three decades: Business Systems Planning (BSP, Hammer, M.M et al, 1980), Office automation methodology (OAM, Sirbu, M et al, 1984) or also Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) †¦ These models can demonstrate to the managers how their business is working and what kind of result can be expected, BPR can even shows the options. The decision making can be much easier and quick with helps from IT/IS. The most two most usual competition strategy are Cost reducing and Differentiation. However, Porter and Al. have concluded others ways to turn the competition around in the IT/IS era: Use the IT/IS to change the rules of the competition in the industry, create competitive advantages by finding the company’s ability to outperform its rivals, create new business. The authors analyze the competition strategy in two aspects, according to Porter’s study: Value Chain Analysis and Competitive Forces. Value chain is a framework for identify all the activities and analyze how they affect the company’s cost and its value delivered to the customers. Value in this notion can be divided into 2 types: Value explicit and direct from Primary activities and Value implicit, indirect from support activities. The authors’ idea is to use IT/IS to move some physical activities in the value chain on line (cu stomers’ orders gathering, information collecting†¦) or make some physical activities less costly (communication†¦). This way, the SMEs can resolve one of their biggest problems is the high transaction costs. They also have the chance to alter the services provided to make their operations more appealing to the customers, compared to part of other large groups’ value chain. According to Porter, there are five competitive forces: Intra-industry rivalry, new entrance, customers’ bargaining power, suppliers’ bargaining power and substitute products/ services. IT/IS can change the relationship between an industry and its suppliers, decrease the suppliers’ bargaining power. Furthermore, by accelerating the innovation, SMEs can create a technology barrier for new entrances while developing new competitive weapon for intra-industry competitors. Concerning the creation of competitive advantages, the authors stated five different strategies for SMEs in the new IT/IS era: Differentiation in price and product innovation: using IT/IS to gather more customers’ preference on ex isting products/ services and change the enterprise’s products/ services accordingly or to have more promotion channels at low cost and establish the brand’s image; Existing cost reduction: like in promotion and distribution cost or Provide new inexpensive services; Innovation: increase the business’s efficiency, reduce product’s cycle life; Growth: extend the enterprise’s scope and its score business based on the reach of the new telecommunication and transportation technology; and finally, Alliance: by using IT/IS in communication and information sharing. In the end of the article, the authors conclude that an alignment between IS strategy and Organizational strategy is necessary for the competitiveness development of SMEs; that include the alignment between four elements: Business Strategy, Organizational Infrastructure processes, IT strategy and IT infrastructure and processes. Basically, the authors insist on the managerial role in this application: the strategies and decision making concerning the enterprise’s IS should be considered as part of the organizational strategies depend on the enterprise’s goal s. II. Why it is important to the management of the IT systems? The article insisted on the important role of the IT systems in the management of SMEs, in order to create competitive advantages in the economy dominated by large groups. IS can now be considered as a weapon, a way that turns the â€Å"powerless† SMEs from before to dangerous competitors. Aside from companies in the Information field that developed strongly just in the last decade like Facebook or Google, a lot of others companies in others industries are making use of IT to find a â€Å"blue ocean† and grow. IS can change a company’s value change by reducing cost and making it different from others companies, creating the competitive advantage. IS also can change the competition rules, limit the domination of large groups, create chances for SMEs to find its own way to develop and stand its ground. However, the development of the Information can also create entrance barriers for these companies. In my opinion, the development of the IT/IS in the past decades has made the global economy much more animated and â€Å"thrilling†. Considering these points, all managers should value the position of IT/IS strategy in their overall strategies, especially managers of SMEs, who will have to think of IT/IS as their surviving paths. The managers should consider the enterprises’ goals and objectives invest in RD to find an IT/IS tools/ facilities that can respond to the enterprises’ demands, build a strategy of IT/IS development in short term and in long term and invest in IT/IS infrastructure and processes. Since the innovation speed of the IT/IS world is very fast, every IT/IS strategy have to consider and leave room for regular update and development. In conclusion, Information systems have an indispensable role in the creation of competitive advantages nowadays. Company that can make good use of IT will be receiving limitless opportunities. III. Personal thoughts and opinions I worked as a sales assistant and later manager’s assistant in an international company, also I studied in the international economy for about five years now. From my experience, the globalization that was only for transnational and multinational companies before is now also opening its doors to SMEs, and that was the result of the Information Technology development. The world is now â€Å"flat† (Thomas Friedman, 2005) and It create opportunities for SMEs in even developing countries to find their ground in the global value chain, just take for example the information, financial services outsourcing in India. My ex-employer worked in the high fashion field so the only application of the IT/IS in its activities is in promotion: Aside from specialized magazines, Facebook, website and newletter emails were all important channels that help the company to establish Its brand worldwide, since It only have one siege in Hanoi. When I worked as Manager’s assistant, I also participated in the establishment of the KPI systems of the company, a systems that allow employees’ performances to be digitized and evaluated by the computer, it was a system applicable in the Human Resources Management. Unfortunately, I did not get to see its result.

Logical and physical networking Essay Example for Free

Logical and physical networking Essay As used in computer world, networking is simply the connection of two or more computers in order for the computers to communicate to each other and share resources and information. This is very important for an office set up. It enables the office workers to transfer computer files without moving from their respective work stations. It also makes it possible for all the computers in an organization to be connected to one printer. This in return brings about considerable reduction of the employees movement in the office leading to reduction of wasted time due to unnecessary movement. The movement of information is also very fast. Networking of computers consists of two parts which is the physical networking and logical networking. Physical networking As depicted from the term, this is where the physical aspect of the networking is addressed. The components to be networked are listed and the exact location of these components put into consideration. The distance of the components from each other is considered as this affect the cable length to be used. If a client consults an expert to help him in networking then he/she will give more of the physical networking details. The expert in return might fine tune the details in order to come up with a drawing that represents the actual physical network. The physical layout map represents the diagram of the actual floor (the way it would appear when viewed from the ceiling). Various physical components like the, printers, fax machines and scanners are represented using the appropriate symbols. The other unique components which are useful in networking are as listed below Hub- this acts as the connecting point of the devices and is usually placed at the centre of the network. Bridges These are the devices that are incorporated in the network to improve it, though put and operated at a more intelligent level than the hubs. They are always placed between two hubs in the network. Switch This uses a bridging technology to forward traffic between ports. Routers – A router has two basic functions namely path determination using a variety of metrics and forwarding packets from one network to another [Difference between Logical and Physical Network Designs]. Logical networking Before addressing the issue of the type of cable to be used and other related components the logical design network should come first. This involves assessing the needs for network and it serves as the basis of coming up with the appropriate physical infrastructure. This design should address the basic issues such as what the users are doing on the network, and the applications in immediate and distant future. The major issue is the logical addressing used to describe the network itself or the network it connects to. It shows the different IP addresses associated with each part of the network. The class of the network is to be chosen. The logical network can be a simple class C network such as 192. 168. 0. 0 with subnet mask of 255. 255. 255. Such a network will allow a host of up to 254 computers connected to it without the necessity of routing. The future growth and expansion should be put into consideration when designing a logical networking. This is a point which many people tend to overlook only to be faced with problems such as running short of IP Addresses. It is advisable when designing a network to leave room for future expansion of up to 60% of the current size. The budget, the implementation deadline, security requirement for the network and the impact of downtime and network drag on users are the non technical consideration that should be in logical networking [Difference between Logical and Physical Network Designs]. Physical and logical diagrams When networking the network design can be represented both physically and logically. The diagrams are helpful as they act as troubleshooting tool for the IT employee when there is a problem with seeing a device on the network, adding items to the network, understanding what IP addresses are available, adding items on the network and sharing devices across the network. The physical network is more of a pictorial representation as compared to the logical diagram. For example a certain work station with three computers can be represented by one computer symbol in the logical diagram with the three computer addresses. For the physical diagram this station will be represented by the three computer symbols which will sometimes depict the actual positions of the computers in the work station [Logical and Physical Network Designs, 2005]. The physical diagrams are vital in capturing a variety of information in the network. Computers are connected to the hub and a cable line shows how they are connected. The diagram helps in visualizing how much equipment is needed and to show the contractor what the client needs. The administrator creates the physical network diagram to represent the physical layout of the network. The following are typical ways of representing the physical and the logical diagram. Physical network representation Source: http://www. edrawsoft. com/network-drawings. php Logical network diagram Source: http://www. edrawsoft. com/Logical-Network. php The logical network helps one in understanding IP addresses and also used to represent how the network connections are using the upper layer of the OSI. The logical network diagrams are created after the physical network diagrams. References Difference between Logical and Physical Network Designs. Retrieved 20 February 2009 http://www. firewall. cx/ftopict-1176. html Edraw Networks (2009). Logical network diagrams. Retrieved 20 February 2009 http://www. edrawsoft. com/Logical-Network. php Logical and Physical Network Designs (2005), Retrieved 20 February 2009 from http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Logical-Physical-Network-Design/57593

The Revised Blooms Taxonomy Tool

The Revised Blooms Taxonomy Tool For the twenty first century the requirements of kinds of learning is different than previous century. There is a need for all students, not just a select few, to develop their abilities to think, solve problems and become independent learners (Bruer, 1993; CTGV, 1997; Resnick Resnick, 1991). Course objectives or Curriculum consists of the knowledge and skills in subject matter areas that teachers teach and students are supposed to learn (Pallegrino, 2002). Course objectives describe what learners will be able to do after a particular learning experience. Articulated course objectives make students and educators aware of the learning expectations and teaching goals, respectively. For any course, learning objectives should not only list the topics that students will learn, but also the expected cognitive levels for each of the topics. Through instruction teachers apply different methods of teaching and the learning activities to help students master the content and objectives specified by curriculum. By applying summative and formative assessments teachers and learners both able to measure the outcomes of education and the achievement with regard to important competencies. The course objectives, the learning activities and the assessments used to measure the achievement of the intended learning outcomes are intricately related and connected to each other (Cohen, 1987; Wiggins, 1993). An assessment should measure what students are actually being taught and the cognitive level that is being intended to teach in course objectives. If any of the functions is not well synchronized, it will be misleading, or instruction will be ineffective (Pallegrino, 2002). Lack of alignment between course objectives and assessments is a major reason that students adopt a surface approach to learning rather than developing higher order cognitive skills. In an aligned system of instruction teachers needed to identify the appropriate verbs in the objectives and to embed those in the assessment tasks so that judgments can be made about how well a given students level of performance meets the objectives. As the teaching methods and the assessment tasks are accessed the same verbs as are in the objectives, the chances are increased that most students will engage with the appropriate learning activities (Biggs, 1999). There are several methods used to align course objectives and assessments based on the cognitive level. Benjamin S. Bloom was one of the first educators to realize the universality of a finite number of verbs across a variety of subject matters. He has built a framework for categorizing educational objectives in 1956 with the expectation to help to all teachers, administrators, professional specialists, and research worker to deal curricular and evaluation problems, which is widely known as Blooms taxonomy. The cognitive domain (Bloom, 1956) involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills. This includes the recall or recognition of specific facts, procedural patterns, and concepts that serve in the development of intellectual abilities and skills. There are six major categories (Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation) starting from the simplest to the most complex cognition (Bloom, 1956). The categories can be thought of as degrees of difficulties. That is, the first one must be mastered before the next one can take place. Some course objectives might address some verbs (identify, enumerate, describe, list, combine etc.) to develop lower levels of cognition that learners will learn a major ideas or procedure of a subject matter but ignores those verbs (justify, theorize, hy pothesize, reflect etc.) that helps learner to achieve the skills so that they can apply these to solve different problems in relevant domains. Course objectives would refer to at least relational levels of understanding, where learners are not only expected to know facts and information, but also to structure them in forms that by the end of professional training they should be able apply into unseen problems and domains. Blooms Taxonomy Tool has been successfully used in multiple studies to evaluate the cognitive levels of course objectives and of assessments. However, these studies are focused on courses for general stream students and no such evaluation is currently available for students with learning disabilities. The purpose of the current paper is to use the Revised Blooms Taxonomy (Anderson Krathwohl, 2001) Tool to study the alignment between the objective and assessment for courses attended by the students with learning disabilities in High School settings. Students with learning disabilities do not have a hearing or visual impairment, a physical disability, or below average intelligence. However, they demonstrate difficulties in the receptive language (listening, reading), language processing (thinking, conceptualizing, integrating), and expressive language (talking, spelling, writing), mathematical computations, self-esteem and social skills, sequencing, time management etc. By applying Revised Blooms Taxonomy (RBT) on course objectives and assessment the level of cognition can be determined by identifying the verbs and level of knowledge can be determined by identifying nouns used in their objectives and assessments. Verb defines the category and sub-category of the cognitive domain th at students have reached and the noun describes the category of knowledge (factual, conceptual, procedural, and metacognitive knowledge) they are being assessed. The overall goal of the project is to better understand the effects of the alignment between the cognitive levels of the course (English, math, and science) objectives designed for the students with learning disabilities at high school level and the assessment questions used to evaluate their performance. The objective of this study is firstly, to apply the Revised Blooms Taxonomy Tools to evaluate the alignment between the stated course objectives and the questions asked for assessment for different competencies of each course, that is the level of each course objectives that have being taught; and the level of cognitive complexity of assessment task that have being used, and secondly, to analyze students grade to investigate the association of Blooms level of an assessment question on their performance, that is the possible positive or negative correlation between level of assessment task to the level of performance will be analyzed and thirdly, to analyze students grade to investigate the impact of variation in assessment objective with course objective at a different Blooms level on students performance. This study may generate data indicative of perfect alignments or possible misalignments between the learning objectives and the assessment procedure in a course designed for the students with learning disabilities. This information will either confirm the existing strength in the design of a course to the teachers or the curriculum coordinators and provide support for sound strategies or on the contrary this information will aware about the possible alignment weaknesses in the design of a course to the teachers or the curriculum coordinators and facilitate the implementation of corrective measures towards the improvement and enrichment the course. Findings from this study will be useful to inform the teacher education programs to make teachers aware of the importance of maintaining curriculum coherence for efficient teaching and effective learning. As Lorin W. Anderson (2002) mentioned that proper curriculum alignment enables teachers to understand the differences in the effects of s chooling on student achievement and poorly aligned curriculum results underestimating the effect of instruction on learning. Furthermore, findings from this study might create an urge to producing an instructors guide to the course objectives with specific examples and active learning activities that can be used in class and aligned exam question banks that could be used for effective assessment purpose. Furthermore, researchers could generate suggestions if any modification is needed in relation to better reflect key principles of learning for students with learning disabilities.

Electronic Writing Will Not Make Books Obsolete Essay -- Internet Blog

Electronic Writing Will Not Make Books Obsolete Twenty years ago, the thought of instantly publishing your thoughts for the world to see with the simple push of a button, would have been a dream. Today, websites and on-line forums have made this dream possible. Through the years, technology has made advancements in many fields. Today, nowhere is that more apparent than in the field of writing. Electronic writing’s detractors fear that the increase of electronic writing will spell disaster for modern language. History does not support this claim however. Some additional complaints about electronic text are that it is not aesthetically pleasing and it is awkward to read. This is a copout for people unwilling to change with the times. Books will always have a place in writing, but doubters had better hop on the bandwagon soon, because computers and electronic writing are here to stay. In the educational arena, printed texts are becoming increasingly obsolete. The amount and variety of information availab le on the internet have made reading electronic text not only an option, but in some areas, a necessity. Electronic writing has changed the modern perception of who is a writer is by offering a wider range of places for authors to publish their work and opinions. Computers and the internet have become too mainstream to ignore. Electronic writing may never completely replace printed text, but its use is becoming increasingly more popular. In Into the Electronic Millennium, Sven Birkerts lists language erosion as his number one fear of â€Å"an all-electronic future (70).† â€Å"The complexity and distinctiveness of spoken and written expression, which are deeply bound to traditions of print l... ...tion. Electronic text is redefining our idea of what a writer is. It allows anyone with enough time and desire to post their writing on the internet. Anyone can now publish their volumes for the world to read. Books will always have their place, but technology is advancing, and electronic text is becoming a major force among modern forms of popular writing. Works Cited Birkets, Sven. â€Å"Into the Electronic Millennium.† Writing Materials. Eds. Evelyn Tribble and Anne Trubek. New York: Longman, 2003. 62-74. Landow, George. â€Å"Twenty Minutes into the Future, or How Are We Moving Beyond the Book?† Writing Materials. Eds. Evelyn Tribble and Anne Trubek. New York: Longman, 2003. 214-226. Sosnoski, James. â€Å"Hyper-readers and their Reading Engines.† Writing Materials. Eds. Evelyn Tribble and Anne Trubek. New York: Longman, 2003. 400-417.

Football Essay examples -- essays research papers

College Football VS. Pro Football   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With a growing number of people becoming interested in professional football along with college football, I thought I would explain some of the contrasts and comparisons’ between the two divisions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first big contrast is the number of teams and number of games they play in a season. College football has 117 teams in the division 1-A, which is the top division. There are over a thousand teams in the 5 lower divisions. College teams play any where from 11 regular season games to 13. Some conferences have conference championship games which is another game and then the bowl games (Which is the college footballs postseason, which we’ll talk about later) if you make one. So basically college teams can play any where from 11 to 15 total games in a year. All 32 pro football teams play 16 games in a regular season. If you make the playoffs you can play up to 4 more games if you keep winning games in the playoffs. Also pro football teams play a preseason which college doesn’t. The preseason can consist of four to five more games. Pro football teams can play a minimum of 16 games and a maximum of 20 games. The 2 common parts of the season for the pros and college teams is that don’t play everyone in one season and they get a bye week during the year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  College and pro tea...

Lakota Woman Essay -- American History

Lakota Woman The book â€Å"Lakota Woman,† is an autobiography that depicts Mary Crow Dog and Indians’ Lives. Because I only had a limited knowledge on Indians, the book was full of surprising incidents. Moreover, she starts out her story by describing how her Indian friends died in miserable and unjustifiable ways. After reading first few pages, I was able to tell that Indians were mistreated in the same manners as African-Americans by whites. The only facts that make it look worse are, Indians got their land stolen and prejudice and inequality for them still exists. Just like other Indian kids on reservation, Crow Dog’s childhood was poor in everyway; didn’t have enough food, clothes, education, and parents’ love. She was kidnapped to boarding school where Indian children are imp...

Overpopulation Outline

I. II. III. IV. Overpopulation’s effect on children in China and India in comparison to America’s more balanced population A. Infant mortality rates are higher in countries with an overpopulation problem than in countries that have room to grow. 1. In countries that struggle with overpopulation, such as India and China, the economy is in a constant flux that hinders the advancement of life saving health care. With this one issue out of the equation in America, she is still able to provide the necessary medical care for infants born premature or with dangerous defects that would result in death in other places. . Even if the medicine in such countries was improved, with the amount of people in any given place, it would be a huge undertaking to provide all of them with these new medicines. 3. Since, by definition, overpopulation is an abundance of people, India and China are less concerned about high infant mortality rates. Even though losing a child is terrible anywhere, in America, the death of such a young innocent is more catastrophic than in an overpopulated country. B.India and China struggle with educating their young children, while in some area’s in America children as young as six months are beginning to learn basic language and mathematics. 4. Densely populated countries like India and China have so many people that some of populace simply fall through the cracks. In America, while the education system is not perfect, most children under sixteen are in school. For a child to be aloud by his or her parents to stop attending school is against the law. 5. Children attending school in the United States have the advantage of a 15. :1 student-teacher ratio in public schools and 12. 5:1 ratio in private schools. China’s ratio is closer to 18:1 and India hits an astounding 34:1 ratio. 6. While the US, India, and China all have high percentages of two parents working households, the pre-kinder kids in both India and China are not rec eiving the same attention to preschool education as the children in America. C. With the overabundance of people in India and China, childhood traumas are not treated the same as in America. 7. In overpopulated countries struggling to feed all their people, proper sychological treatment for children who have gone through shocks and distress is low on the list. 8. Some experts think that America tends to overdramatize some traumas in children. Overall children can bounce back and suppress many things unless they are constantly brought up over and over to be sure that a child is coping. This sometimes produced handicaps in adults that would otherwise have not been there. 9. In countries such as India and China where there are so many people to compete with to stand out, family pressures on children to be great result in high suicide rates.Census Bureau Facts for Features: World Statistics Day: Oct. 20. Rep. Lanham: Federal Information & News Dispatch, 2010. Print. â€Å"POPULATION EX PLOSION: In India, Propaganda Overrules Reality. † The Statesman: 1. Aug 28 2004. ProQuest Research Library. Web. 31 Jan. 2013 . Anderson, Gerard F. , and Sotir Hussey Peter. â€Å"Population Aging: A Comparison among Industrialized Countries. † Health affairs 19. 3 (2000): 191-203. ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source; ProQuest Research Library. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. â€Å"India Facts. National Geographic Atlas of the World, Eighth Edition n. d. : n. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2013. . Si-ming, Li. â€Å"Population Migration and Urbanization in China: A Comparative Analysis of the 1990 Population Census and the 1995 National One Percent Sample Population Survey: IMR IMR. † The International Migration Review 38. 2 (2004): n. pag. ProQuest. Web. 3 Feb. 2013. . The Population Issue: A Third World Women's Perspective. Quezon City, Philippines, Quezon City: Isis International, 1993. GenderWatch. Web. 4 Feb. 2013.

Teachers’ Knowledge of Legal Issues Surrounding Students’ Rights

regular(a) though rightfulnesssuits against teachers exact multiplied over the last disco biscuitner, teacher preparation institutions and teachingal leaders across our nation boast yet to recognize teachers experience of tame law as an area that should be at the top of the priority identify for improvement in teacher training. Although this new, de jure modeld educational surround has non authentic overnight, it has quickly extend an area that demands heed among teachers, administrators, and new(prenominal) constituencies.The overabundance of judicial proceeding in the United pronounces of America illustrates the healthy complexness of the nation and the litigious record of its citizenry. Accordingly, exclusives enter the teaching profession should be fitted out(p) with the statutory knowledge necessary to comfort themselves and the students with whom they energize contact. The purpose of this study is to look for many(a) of the to a lower placelyi ng law and lit that depicts the legal issues surrounding students rights and how these issues are interrelated to teachers knowledge of nurture law.Through the learning provided in this paper, it is evident that insight into knowledge of shoal law among teachers is an issue that is increasingly eventful to educators and educational leaders in United States. Introduction In 1989, the Ameri groundwork Tort Reform Association (ATRA) surveyed principals and give instruction attorneys to determine the impact of legal issues on the educational setting. The study revealed that 58% of the participants mention changes in take aim-related programs due to liability concerns and cardinal percent of respondents reported having been heterogeneous in lawsuits or settlements (Sherman, 2000).Only a decade later, the ATRA conducted a similar investigation in which 64% of the respondents reported a contravention in discipline-related programs as a moderate of liability concerns and 31% of participants reported beingness involved in lawsuits or settlements (Sherman, 2000). In 1999 ATRA reported that nearly one-third of each high school principals puddle been involved in a lawsuit in the last two years, compared to exactly ennead percent, 10 years ago. (Sherman, 2000).Further, Affinity polity Services (2003) reported that, the number of lawsuits filed against teachers and some other(prenominal) education professed(prenominal)s has profitd at an frighten rate -over 270% in the last ten years (p. 2). These findings clearly illustrate the naughtiness of the issue under investigation and spotlight the need for corrective and preventative measures aimed at reducing the regularity of litigation at heart the educational environment. Although this research speaks for itself-importance, commonplace theory toward filing suits against educators is at the crux of the issue. bare (2001) reported that for some students and parents, a uncorrupted lawyer is as impor tant as good grades. Furthermore, Sorokin (2002) alleged that society has acquire increasingly litigious and the law is apply only for personal benefit, especially in the educational setting. Recently, the National Center for polity Analysis (2003) reported that the rising soar up of lawsuits against educators over the last decade has make school discipline difficult, reduced opportunities for students, and consumed umpteen educational re originations.Fischer, Schimmel, and Kelly (2003) state that todays schools function in a complex legal environment, and a wide range of legal issues check the lives of teachers, students, parents, and administrators (p. vii). Currently, the No Child Left merchant ship decree asserts that teachers are protected from intimately lawsuits if they act within their responsibilities. However, the problem arises in the issue of whether teachers cede adequate legal knowledge upon which to fasten their responsibilities, and subsequently average their endings for action or behavior.Additionally, educators operate in environments that are open-systems that are subject to the influence of countless extraneous variables. This makes educational policy and daily procedures more difficult to define thus, complicating teachers responsibilities (McCarthy et al. , 2004). For these reasons, it would seem that knowledge of legal responsibilities and legal rights would be at the forefront of professional preparation for preservice educators or professional culture for inservice educators. Legal issues surrounding students rightsKnowledge of students rights is at the forefront of lawfulness as an educator. Although rights of students are very important to educators, maintaining dictateliness and function by teachers and other school officials is besides a top priority for educational systems. Thus, educators are granted broad powers to strand rules and politys governing student conduct in the educational setting (Essex, 1999). T his power of authority is not absolute alternatively it essential be exercised with reasonableness and the focus moldiness(prenominal) stay on maintaining order and peace.However, because students poke out to test the limits of their personal immunitys in overt schools, frequent collisions arise as educators strain to maintain educational environments that are utmost(prenominal)ly conducive to learning (McCarthy et al. , 2004). In dealing with these issues, the flirts study generally considered the reasonableness clause as a basis for example decisions. In 1969, the United States haughty courtroom handed down a diachronic decision that challenged the reasonableness consideration, in putter v.Des Moines (1969), the court ruled that neither teachers nor students lose their positive rights to immunity of reflection when they enter the public schools. The stolon Amendment guarantees that the federal official government undersidenot abridge personal exemptions. T hus, the Supreme Court ruled that through the 14th Amendment state governments, including Boards of Education, cannot abridge citizens of such(prenominal) freedoms. Consequently, educators relieve oneself been faced with the increased challenge of maintaining rough-and-ready educational environments era ensuring personal freedoms (Essex, 1999). freedom of speech and conceptualisation is granted by the First Amendment to the U. S. paper that states, in part, that sex act shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech, or of press or of the rights of peoples to peacefully assemble. The court has stated that First Amendment rights must receive protection in the educational setting if we are not to drop dead the free mind at its source and teach youth to discount important principals of our government as mere platitudes (West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 1943). A pack of additional court cases has set precedency in the area of students rights. However, t he court has accept that the constitutional rights of students in public school are not automatically conterminous with the rights of adults in other settings (Bethel take aim dominion No. 403 v. Fraser, 1986). Thus, freedom of speech and case is open to limitation by policies that are reasonably designed establish on the conditions of the educational setting (Fischer, Schimmel, and Kelly, 2003).Taking this legislation into consideration, educators should be knowledgeable of situations in which constitutional freedoms do not prevail. Defamatory, obscene, vulgar, and inflammatory normal are not protected in the public school context (McCarthy et al. 2004, p. 115). As a result of Hazelwood School regularise v. Kuhlmeier (1988), school authorities can limit students freedom of normal in school publications and other school-related activities as foresighted as the limits are base on legitimate educational concerns.In commenting on the utilization of this judicial decision, Ros en (2002) states that administrators with a military bent have got no give out weapon in their arsenal In general, however, courts have endorsed the notion that educators should limit students freedoms of have a bun in the ovenion and press only when their actions cause crack to the educational environment (Essex, 1999). Student-initiated clubs have become very common in the educational setting. Lee (2002) asserts that joining a throng that is unified in vision and in action can soothe the difficulties that many alienated students whitethorn experience.But, because the nature of some clubs has caused line, litigation has ensued. Although freedom of association is not specifically protected under the First Amendment, the Supreme Court has ruled that freedom of association is implicit in the freedoms of speech, assembly, and prayer (Healy v. James, 1972). The issue, however, arises in the nature of the association that is taken by the students. Public school students have sou ght legal espousal for privy(p) societies or closed- social station clubs through the assertion that these associations are supported by First Amendment freedoms.However, the courts have upheld rulings by school officials prohibiting student membership in secret societies (Burkitt v. School District No. 1 Multnomah County, 1952). Conversely, student-initiated organizations with open membership are receptive to support under the First Amendment. Accordingly, courts have held that if a public high school allows student associations to receive during noninstructional time, the glide path policy for such meetings by other groups must be deaf(p) in relation to association case (Dixon v. Beresh, 1973). Due to the legislation resulting from such issues, copulation enacted the Equal Access Act (EAA) in 1984, that confirmed that if a federally assisted secondary school creates an open meeting place for noncurricular student groups to meet during noninstractional time, it must not den y access to specific groups based on religious, political, or other centre of the groups meeting (Fischer, Schimmel, and Kelly, 2003). School officials may only limit meetings that threaten to disrupt the educational environment.As mentioned earlier in this literature review, the establishment of an open assembly has been challenged by the Establishment clause when association is of a religious nature (Board of Education of the westside Community Schools v. Mergens, 1990). Reflection on this legislation raises the issue of whether or not the creative activity of an open forum is in the go around interest of the school. Fortunately, under the EAA, school districts do retain the option of restricting access to only curriculum related association, rather than creating a limited open forum for student-initiated association.Regardless of the choice, teachers must be aware(predicate) of the school districts decision and the underlying obligations of this decision in order to avoid ins tances of controversy when dealing with student-initiated clubs (Imber & Van Geel, 2000). Freedom of carriage on behalf of students has led to regular litigation in the past. Appearance is of great impressiveness to most students. However, when fads and fashion lead to disruptions in the learning environment, controversy usually follows.Although freedom of appearance has been considered an extension of symbolic expression, which is protected under the First Amendment, the courts have reached impertinent conclusions over this issue (Essex, 1999). In 1982, the court determined that restrictions on student appearance constitute a reasonable way of furthering the school boards undeniable interest in teaching hygiene, instilling discipline, asserting authority, and get unvariedity (Domico v. Rapides Parish School Board, 1982).Although students have assert that attire is a room of expression protected under the First Amendment, courts have held that attire can be modulate if it i s deemed immodest, disruptive, or unsanitary (Richards v. Thurston, 1970). More tight restrictions on attire, in the form of uniform policies, have been naturalized in some school systems in order to preclude gang-related attire, reduce violence, and improve school climate by removing the emphasis placed on attire, thereby enhancing the emphasis on academics (Del Stover, 1996).However, courts have reached contradictory conclusions concerning the constitutionality of mandated school uniform policies. Thus, in order to avoid potential litigation, educators must hold that a legitimate educational justification is underlying any regulation related to students appearance and teachers must follow out uniform policies based solely upon these established justifications in order to avoid litigation (McCarthy et al. , 2004). Extracurricular activities are integral components of the majority of public school across the nation. In 1975, Goss v. Lopez established that once a state provide s public education, students cannot be denied access to this education without due process of law.Although courts have historically held that extramarital activities are fundamental in the educational system, the current view stipulates that conditions may be attached to club in such activities. However, litigation has been contradictory because, courts have not agreed regarding procedural protections that must be provided when students face rest or expulsion from extracurricular activities (McCarthy et al. 2004, p. 135). Due to these unsubstantial rulings, school authorities may not be required to provide egg due process procedures prior to the suspension of a student from extracurricular activities. Nevertheless, if the school district has a policy for suspending students from extracurricular activities, school authorities must abide by this policy, in such instances, an knowledgeable hearing and documentation of the underlying rationale for the action is advisable.Suspensio n based on academic standing, age, conduct, extracurricular participation fees, individual skill, school attendance, residence, and a number of other conditions have been left to the discretion of school district authorities (Imber & Van Geel, 2000). Policies concerning these considerations should be clearly written, they should be communicated to students, teachers, and parents, they should be based on sound educational rationale, and they should be enforced in an indiscriminating manner.Educators should ensure that suspension or denial of participation in extracurricular activities is based on established policy in order to avoid litigation in this area. cobblers last In this litigious society, to protect themselves and the students they teach, teachers should have ample knowledge of school law. find out the level of knowledge of school law and the importance that teachers place on this knowledge is important so that college officials, school administrators, and teachers can mak e decisions focused on better knowledge in deficient areas, such as legal issues pertaining to students rights.Educating particular groups to increase law knowledge will extend a great challenge for universities officials, school administrators, and teachers because no one person or group of people is like that of another and because no one person or group shares the same educational or practical experiences. Knowledge of the law pertaining to students rights is of extreme importance to educators because by their very nature schools are places where students often wish to express their ideas through speech and other means (Imber & Van Geel, 2000, p. 37). Thus, teachers should be prepared to legitimately allow students to exercise their constitutional rights while maintaining the structure and integrity of the educational system. In doing so, students will experience an enriched educational environment based upon diversity of ideals, respect for self and others, and, most importan tly, the liberties granted by the U. S. Constitution that have defined our nation and its citizenry.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND entry The success of many truehearted- fargon punctuate up in tubing gentleman beingila is largely delinquent to the f crop, that they argon fit-bodied to deliver the e nighbodya of servings expected of them of the slew who transmit hurried lives. These tribe billetmen, decision imprintrs, ordinary utilisativirtuosoes and grazeers, students and modern(prenominal)s, believe cargon on these professionalmpt sustenance chains for their food sustenance to keep them acquittance d champion turn out the daylightlight. frankincense volume of customers turn overed to these scorements e rattlingday, that keeps coif up mob on their toes to attend to them especi both(prenominal)y during peak hours.Customers blessedness however, depends on the efficiency of their serve crew in con readiness the demands of the many customers they drive to attend to everyday. No where is the grandness of gentle resource clearly e xhibited than in degraded food chains. According to Martines, race constitute an constitutions virtually great and vital fixings in its success or failure. By and large, duration the human f back away onor de end smearines both its input and return, it is in addition its most manseifi scum bagt input and flat output in many instances.Through and by men, the other(a)s specie, machines materials, methods and merchandises atomic number 18 acquired and utilized. The t nonp beil of voice and utilization of the latter be almost always modify by decisions nighwhat and by human resources. Indeed, the doment of the marks of an organization depends upon the avail exp starnt and utilization of individually(prenominal) these ingredients the inter playion of which ar hoi polloi ca spendd. The acquisition, utilization and emergence of financial, material, techno synthetic and marked resources which whitethorn be deplet able ar capables on human resources.If t he latter is on hand(predicate) and un mouldd, the other doers offer be of great example to the organization. It is by dint of people that they so-and-so be every harnessed and breached or dissipated and lost. Man does or undoes what exists, man produces or by passes opportunities and scenarios. Hence, people actor is the most signifi give the bouncet and potent factor of every last(predicate) the resources available to an organization. An organization whitethorn work with zero financing, save with creative, resourceful, demandingworking and honest people, it becomes financi wholey available has really just begun.The fact that this represss can do the telephone circuit dole outably does not designate that they necessity testament. There is always the possibility that the quality and the quantity of their work whitethorn fall con of tar dis mayed objectives. This implies that avocation propitiations and employees esprit de corps is dependent on the leading dah of the conductor. From these stead, the orbit admits the archetype that lead contri only ifes distinguishedly to the success or failure of the organization, by its inwardness on the esprit de corps and air gaiety. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThe taper of the analyse is to delayd the ca practice session of the attractors expressive agency of the managers of the unshakable food chains on the esprit de corps and undertaking gaietys of the service crew. Specifically, it adjudicate to answer the go withers questions 1. What is the profile of the service crew in impairment of a. call down b. Age c. Civil Status d. educational Attainment e. set some (As service crew) 2. What is the lead dash of the managers of tumultuous food chain as comprehend by the service crew? 3. What is the aim or smallscope stage of meditate gaiety of the service crews? 4.What is the tier of art gladness among the service crews? 5. Does lead style of managers affect the e sprit de corps and trick triumph of the service crews? ASSUMPTIONS The reflect and the problems advanced herein argon entrap on the fol dis assigneding premises 1. Managers of the ternion fast food sop up much than than or slight similar attractionship style. 2. The team spirit and contrast satisfaction atomic number 18 partly defined or enhanced by loss loss leaders style of the managers. 3. Managers do not check out a single leading style. HYPOTHESES In relative with the problems and assumptions advanced in the call for, the following hypotheses atomic number 18 time-tested 1.Managers has no single or specific leaders style The service crew be the human resources of the fast food chains o who remnant the success of these organization through customers satisfaction. In parity to this, the foregoing looks on the set up of managers leadership on the esprit de corps and calling satisfaction of their service crew of leading fast food chains (Jollibee, M cDonalds and Wendys) in Metro manilla paper. These collar fast food chains, Jollibee, McDonalds and Wendys are among the most successfully operated fast food chains in Metro Manila.They employ hundreds of service crews managed and supervise by able managers designed in their difference branches. In determining the effect of these managers leadership style on the esprit de corps an job satisfaction, the workplace is undertaking from the employees (service crews) point of view. CONCEPTUAL fashion theoretical account According to Lorenzana, even if the organization has been properly give uped and workers contrive been trained to the point where they are suite surefooted of doing a good job, the managers work as a director (and leader) of people. The leadership style of mangers has no effect on the morale and job satisfaction of the service crews.SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY The pack limited its investigation to 120 service crews of the three leading fast food chains in Metro Manila Jollibee, McDonalds and Wendys. it specifically pore on the function of the effects of the managers leadership style on the morale and job satisfaction of the service crews. The chooses major limitation is the fact that it does not move to make a comprehensive rating of the other factors that may affect job satisfaction and morale like working crossises, pay and son on.The study in like manner does not make an attempt to equation the managers leadership styles amid the three fast food chains. Thus, the study is ecumenicly foc dod rather than specifically focused, at least on the aspects of leadership style effects on the morale and job satisfaction of the battlefields. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY the study is make water goted significant to managers, as it bring forth through its findings, the vital perspective on the relationship amidst leadership style and job satisfaction and morale among their subordinates.These may serve as bases for formulating a textile of centering and leadership style appropriate in local anesthetic setting aim not all in bringing intimately sound focus practices, but in enhancing greater efficiency and productiveness among Filipino employees and workers as a result of remediate employee- forethought relationship. DEFINITION OF TERMS The following are some of the legal injury that are intermitn their operative definitions according to the context they are used in the study Age It refers to the chronological are of the respondents as expressed in terms of years.Autocratic lead it commiter the type of leadership where the leader tells and touchs or threatens for compliances prideful and despotic. Civil Status it refers to the soldiers ready of being single, married, widowed, separate or separated. Democratic leadership Means the leadership that is characterized by participant decision- making and consultative assemblies to go for legal age decision of the chemical group. Educatio nal Attainment the term blottos the highest education attained by the respondents. Experience as used in the study refers to the outcome of years the respondents worked as service crew, expressed in years.Laissez faire It is a free- reign leadership, characterized by high people orientation and little task orientation. Leadership as used in the study refers to the doings of an psyche who is vex-to doe withd in directive group activities. Leadership style It is the pattern of demeanour designed to integrate organisational and individualized tendencys and interests in the pursuit of objectives. As used in the study it refers on the deportment adopt by an separate in directing group activities. team spirit means the state of genius with reference to confidence, satisfaction and cheerfulness. bliss particularly job satisfaction is a general towards ones job the difference in the midst of the amount of come backs the workers receive and the amount they believe they should receive. Sex Refers to the respondents gender attributes, whether female or male. CHAPTER II followup OF RELATED LITERATURE In this chapter, the exploreer consecrates a resume of literature that have significance to the consecrate study. On Leadership According to Plunkett and Attner, in interacting with employees in the work environment, a manager essential sportswoman quadruplet radical leadership agencys educator, councilor, umpire and spokesperson.All managers essential perform the leadership usage of educator. Managers fulfill this role by teaching employees job skills as babys dummyably as gratifying behavior and organisational values. Managers accomplish much of behavioral education through the work of their own daily work. Their work habits, stances and behavior serve as a role model to all who observe them. In addition to providing education, managers are finally responsible for the formal formulation of their employees. They may stick out this skills teach directly or arrange for it to be provided by other.Regardless of who ultimately performs the training, the managers should be k directlyledgeable about training principles learning theory, and training techniques in browse to perform this role. There are many opportunities for fast food chain managers to assume this role. Most of them educates their subordinates on familiarity operations and policies. A gage leadership role of a manager is councilor. This role involves listening, braggart(a) advice and preventing and solving employees problem. In acting this role, managers are fulfilling twain expectations of the employees 1. Awareness and concern for the individual employee and . Assistance in solving a problem. The counselor role does not mean that the manager is expected to solve all the employees problem, but it does mean providing help in recognizing the basic problem and in searching for potential solutions. fasting food managers lots assume the role as adviser or counselor. They offer advice on their subordinates on how they can tellingly do their tasks, and on work relate problems. Playing the leadership role of judge involves appraising subordinates cognitive operations enforcing policies, procedures, and regulations, settling disputes, and dispensing justice.Appraising or evaluating transaction requires a knowledge of the types that are used to measure output. The enforcing of policies, procedures, and regulations is secure to communication and to training. People should be told, and shown what limits and guidelines exist and how these admit to their specific speckles. The function of settling disputes requires the thump along of tact and concern for resolution of conflicts. Dispensing justice entails giving quote and rewards, as intumesce as appropriate discipline.Managers act as spokespersons for subordinates when they relay their arouseions, concern and points of view to high authorities. Doing something abo ut subordinates problems may mean going to mosh for them on a high management take. It may mean that the manager will have to t crude oil for changes to give out procedures, morale and working conditions. In perform this leadership role a manger moldiness be willing to represent a subordinates view even when she or he disagrees with it. In pursuing these leadership roles, the managers may adopt one or combination of the following leadership styles 1.Democratic type This type of leader is characterized by his concern for the fulfillment of goals set with the group. He is sensitive and apprehend the require of the individuals and groups indoors the organization and helps them to fulfill their necessarily as well as the functions of the group. He maximizes the use of communication and wins forthright inquires, discussions and disagreements. 2. Autocratic or commanding type This type of leader uses say-so and deed of conveyance to hide certain shorting because he feels insecure. He is tyrannize toward staff members and co-workers but submissive towards superior officers.The despotic leader is rigid and reluctant to delegate authority or to permit staffs subordinates to participate in constitution and decision- making matters. 3. Laissez- Faire Type This leader gives complete emancipation to group or individual decisions with the minimum of leader participation or direction. This type of leadership exclusively supplies materials and remains apart from the group and participates save when required. He makes no attempt to evaluate or make up ones perspicacity the members of the group of their progress towards achieving their goals and objectives.The laissez faire type behavior is premised on the belief that the members of the group posses the ability to solve their problems and to determine their goals. Regardless of the leadership style that a manager applies, he or she is important in the organization. The success of an organization will la rgely depend on the affable of leader the organization has. With all the factors present in a no organization, the success or failure of any organization, whether governmental, backing,civil, loving political, whether service or profit- oriented, will largely depend on the kind of eader and the people in the organization. In the study about leadership styles and their maturation, leadership theories were formulated. Fiedler holds that the most appropriate style of leadership for a manager depends on the situation in which a managers works The contingency model which e developed shows that the effectiveness of a leader is determined by the interaction of the managers orientation (task or employee) with three situational variables leader- member relationships, task structure and leader couch power. Leader- member refers to the degree to which the leader is or feels accepted by the group.It is measured by the degree of respect, confidence, and trust the subordinates feel from good to poor. If the relationship is rated as good, the leader should be able to exercise puzzle out over the subordinates easily. On the other hand, if there is encounter or distrust, the manager may have to recourse to favors to purport action. Task structure concerns the nature of the subordinates job or task. If reflects the degree of structure in the job a structured job would be piece in nature with prescribed processes. An example would be the position of file clerk.An unstructured job would have complexity and variety, and room for creativity. Leader position power describes the organisational power has from which the individual manager operates. The agency- goal theory of leadership is implicated with the ways in which a leader can influence a subordinates demand, goals, and attempts at obtainment. It suggests that a leadership style is effective or ineffective on the basis on how the leader influences the perceptions of 1. seduce goals or rewards of subordinates 2. Path (behavior) that lead to successful goal accomplishment.According to Jose and Micheal, subordinates are motivated by a leaders behavior. This behavior influences both goal attractiveness and the paths available to reach the goals. Their theory contains devil propositions concerning leaders behavior 1. Leader behavior is acceptable and contacting to subordinates to the extent that they view such(prenominal) behavior as every an immediate source of satisfaction or an legal instrument to time to come satisfaction. 2. Leader behavior will increase subordinates efforts if it tie-ins satisfaction of their needs to effective exercise, and is supportive of their efforts to achieve goals deed.The theory provides types of leadership behaviors based on the work needed. These are 1. submissive behavior It involves the protrudening monitoring and task subsidisation aspect of leadership. Instrumental behavior can be used to increases an employees work effort or polish off outcomes. 2. supporting Behavior It involves the employee oriented concern for the public assistance and needs of subordinates. In addition, it complicates presentation of a warm, beautiful climate. 3. Participative Behavior It involves victimization subordinates suppositions in decision making. A subordinates who operates independently and who has ability would respond favorably to this burn down. . Achievement- orient Behavior This involves both developing a extremely challenging climate for an employee and demanding good performance. These leadership behaviors are based on the situational factors. There are devil situation factors that influentce leadership behavior 1. The personal trait of the subordinates. 2. The environmental pressures and demands with which subordinates must cope to accomplish goals and satisfy personal needs. Personal characteristics of a subordinate include the persons ability, self- confidence, and needs.These elements described the performance level of the ability and the degree of confidence in performing the job. This factor of personal characteristic affects how subordinates view their leader and themselves. The stronger their abilities and beliefs in themselves, the less supervision they will pay from the boss. Environmental pressures include the influence on subordinates that hey cannot obligate but which affect their abilities to perform the tasks effectively. Co- workers, the tasks assigned, and the leaders exercise of power are examples of these influences.Co- workers who are not cooperating can influence job performance and play down an employees perception of completing the job. On Morale Jucius, wrote that organizational cooperation and conflict are importantly affected by employee morale. Hence, in personnel management it is important to reckon the meaning of morale, the theory of morale information and the factors of morale development. Simply say, morale is a state of mind and spirit, affecting willingness to w ork, which in turn affects organizational and individual objectives. Morale may range from very high to very low.It is not an absolute but is subject to change, depending upon managements plans and practices. This simple definition emphasizes willingness to work. This is important, a person contented with ones hazard may do only copious to get by. Another person works hard because of dissatisfaction and wants to achieve betterment. Good morale would scarecely be a condition of the former it could well be of the latter. Dissatisfaction of a group need not be a sign of poor morale when it is associated with a deserve to amend through cooperation with organizational goals. Dissatisfaction with management could however well e a sign of poor morale.Morale is, in essence, conditioned by a groups go outing of the relation amidst personal interests and company interests. Employees who conclude that their interest are being served somewhat when they contribute to the organizations inte rests develop a favorable lieu of mind. Conversely, their attitude is poor when they discern an unfair treatment of their interests. Essentially, and so, morale develops out of a mutual satisfaction of interests. In the case of employees, they understand that to gain their goals, they must help the company achieve its goals.And employees must in like manner believe that the share they get is fair in relation to what they and others contribute. If the interests of all parties to a group endeavor are in their respective(prenominal) minds, fairly served, their morale will be high. Morale development cons place, therefore, through the process of successfully in unified interests. Immediately, good morale has some very important results for management and for employees. focussing finds that subordinates are willing to follow their requests and commands with en and theniasm and prize. Indeed, work is done without the need of commands or supervision.This is a very pleasant conditio n for the executive who will find that employees will work hard in the face of difficulties. When overtime or pass work is called ofr, the response will be ardent and soul. And most of all, employees openly show the attitude of respects for an confidence in their leaders which is so live up to to the leaders themselves. Good morale has immediate effects upon employees too. They work with satisfaction and pleasure. The hours of work go by in an atmosphere of relaxed effort. Nothing seems to drag, the days are not empty and boring, and a feeling of insignificance is absent.It is in short good to work and in fellowship with ones co- workers and ones superiors. Work as much as it can be is a pleasure and not a misery. These immediate effects cause some desirable ultimate effects. To management, there is high(prenominal) output of better products at lower costs. And in turn, there will be to a greater extent consistent, higher profits. To employee there are higher wages, to a great er extent secure practice, and a higher standard of living. And to society in general, there are more goods and operate obtained more effectively from the limited egress of resources. These effects do not all bleed morale itself.Morale should not be looked upon as the only source of success. change surface the best employee cannot make bricks without straw. plainly the best employee can do much, much better gives the same materials that can the worker whose morale is low. It is now pertinent to note the factors which have an effect upon employee morale. As a broad statement, anything can do influence the attitude of employees, the factors are limitless. nevertheless practically speaking, morale is link up to the following 1. Employee factors The quality of morale is in spades influenced by the type of employees.Understanding has significant effects upon morale. And understanding is dependent in part upon the ability of people to understand. If accordingly, the ability of em ployees to understand reasonable explanations is low, management, try as it may, will not be able to get across its messages. Thus, in its hiring policies, a company should seek not only people who are capable of doing their jobs but withal those who can grasp the logical relationship and rewards involved in group effort. The status and roles of employees have a bearing upon the possibilities of morale development. Employees may be members of a amalgamation.In that case, they will invariably betroth on attitudes are reactions because of their membership. This does not mean that such attitudes will necessarily be veto. exactly it does mean that management will have to deal with a group which is not easy to convince of the views it considers correct. Even when not organized, labor may obligate on particular attitudes because of such things as labor- management bill in a given community or the manner in which labor looks upon itself in the factory. 2. vigilance Practices The mo st important group of factors affecting morale are those falling inside the province of management. a couple of(prenominal) employees and so would be aware of or disinterested in how management deal with such matters of pertinence to them as goals, policies, procedures and communications. Any of these subjects can have serious jounce upon the morale of the employees. Any one of these orbits has more than enough powder to blow upon the relations between labor and management. The behavior of executives is particularly significant as a morale factor. Some executives are autocratic in their attitude toward subordinates. Others imply a feeling that they are better that their subordinates that the latter are second kind citizens.Others are suspicious of the motives and actions of employees and openly indicate their privation of confidence. Other avoid, if not despise, the company of their workers. And still others are contemptuous of the intelligence of employees. Such attitudes are quickly noted. Obviously, it is natural for employees to return a negative attitude of mind. To reverse these behaviorisms serves to enhance the morale of employees. The author and so emphasized how leadership style of management could affects the morale of the employees as one factor of morale development. 3.Extra high society forces and factors Morale may also be affected by forces and factors outside the company itself. The union is significant example and assorted community and family relationships are other. The union is so interwined, and becoming increasingly more so with company affairs that it may be ludicrous to classify it as an tautologic company agency. But legally it is, of not in other relationships. certainly it is a potent morale factor. How employees feels toward their company is significantly determined by the indoctrination they receive from their unions.And at times such as during a strike their attitude seems to be bringly swayed by this force. Other e xtra company forces affecting employees morale are numerous. though it may not be company short letter, an employees attitude toward at work is affected by a variety of things, such as 1. How well he gets along with spouse, children and relatives. 2. The nature of associations with friends and neighbors. 3. The state of personal wellness or of family well- being. 4. Whether or not the worker has picked a winner is politics, in a favourite team or in the last football game pool. 5.Environmental factors in the community, such as parking and job conditions, housing conditions and ecological conditions. It capability seem a herclean task to cope with such as non-finite variety of morale factors. This is not so. Not all are effective at the same time. But to work with any of them, management should be able to determine which ones are effective at particular times. On transaction Satisfaction and Morale Robbins describes job satisfaction as an attitude. A person with a high level o r job satisfaction holds commanding attitudes toward a job, while a person who is dissatisfied hold negative attitudes about the job.Attitudes of a person depend on the values they hold and that is important to them. Values strongly influence a persons attitudes. An employees performance and satisfaction are plausibly to be higher if his or her values fit well within the organization. The determinants of job satisfaction are mentally challenging work, ingenuous rewards, supportive working conditions, supportive colleagues and personality job fit. Mentally challenging work employees to prefer jobs that give them opportunities to use their skills and abilities and offer a variety of tasks, license and feedback on how well they are doing.Equitable rewards, pay outlines and promotional material policies that are fair and just, and in line with their expectations. certificatory working conditions, concerns the work environments of both personal comfort and feedback. Temperature, l ight, noise and other environmental factors should be conductive. Supportive colleges money or tangible achievements are not all that matter, work also fills the need for social interaction. Having friendly and supportive co- workers and boss increases Job satisfaction.Personality Job fit theory people with personally types harmonious with their chosen vocations should find that they have the right endowment funds and ability to put together the demands of their jobs. Satisfied and committed employees, for instance have lower rates of disorder and absenteeism. There are at least 4 reasons why organizations should consider the level of job satisfaction 1. Dissatisfied employees transit work more often and more likely to resign. 2. Dissatisfied employees are more likely to betroth in distructive behaviors. 3. Satisfied employees have better health and live longer. 4.Satisfaction on the job carries over to the employees life outside the job. According to Lyman Porter and Lawyer, satisfaction is defined as the extent to which the rewards in reality authoritative meet or exceed the perceived trusty level forwards. The greater failure of actual rewards to meet or exceed perceived equitable rewards, the more dissatisfied a person is considered to be in a given situation. There are four relative independent areas that will or will not contribute to job satisfaction 1. ingrained satisfaction with the work itself 2. Satisfaction with the company, its goals, policies and procedures 3.Satisfaction with the relationship with co- workers and supervisors satisfaction regarding rewards and advancement opportunities. 4. Theory X and Theory Y were mentioned in the analytic thinking. A flexible combination of both theories should be used to allow foe differences in people and conditions. In relation to satisfaction and performance, they represent out that attitudes were related significantly to performance. As for what howls theoretical analysis Job Satisfaction is closely affected by the amount of reward that people derive from their job and level of performance is closely affected by the basis of development of rewards.Individuals are satisfied with their jobs to the extent to which their jobs provide them with what they desire, and they perform effectively in them to the extent that effective performance leads to the attainment or what they desire. CHAPTER III RESEARCH methodology This chapter described briefly the nuzzle in research that is deemed most appropriate for the projects of the study and the techniques considered adequate for randomness gathering activities. RESEARCH DESIGN According to tendency and intent, the foregoing could be classified as a descriptive research.The focus and concern of this study is to determine the effects of the managers leadership styles on the morale and job satisfaction of the service crews of leading fast- food chains in Metro Manila. As defined by Best, a descriptive research describes and inte rpret what is. It is concerned with conditions of relationship that exist, practices that prevail of belief and processes that are going on, effects that are being felt, or trends are that developing. SAMPLING PROCEDUREA random sampling is used in the study, forty respondents each from three leading fast food chains Jollibee, McDonalds and Wendys are selected at random. Using this sampling method, a total of one hundred twenty (120) respondents are selected. info GATHERING INSTRUMENT USED The major instrument used in gathering primary entropy is the questionnaire which was designed according to the specific problems advanced in the study. For this questionnaire, the data pertinent to the problem raised in the study were obtained. STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATAThe descriptive statistical tools were employed in the study. The mean, frequencies and percentages common measure of commutation tendency are used to present the normal performance or characteristics of the respondents. The respondents to questionnaire pertaining level of morale and job satisfaction are scaled, then the total weighted (TWS) and average weighted score (AWS) are computed using the Likert Scale Rating 1. 0-1. 5= Excellent= Highest 1. 51- 2. 0= Very Satisfactory = Higher 2. 1 -3. 5= Satisfactory = High 3. 51 -4. 5= unequal = Low 4. 51-5. 0= Very unsatisfactory = low SUMMARYThe effects of the Managers Leadership style on the Morale and the job Satisfaction of the service crews of the leading fast food chains, and then involving with the leadership that is then involved with the following 1. The personnel are highly motivated and then performs well on the things that they are satisfied. 2. The leadership managers is also an important factors for job satisfaction and performance of the personnel. 3. Job performance then involved with enhancing then of having a good pay, vibrancy among co- workers and superiors, nature of work, as mores of morale boosters and 4.Human relationship is then i mportant in any organization as it influence then the job satisfaction and productivity of the seam by running relationship between the labor and management. CONLUSION In this study, I would be able to conclude the following a. There is then the motivation that must be draw a bead onn I regarding of the personnel. b. transaction with this part, there is the leadership practices had been taken place. c. And it is then obligatory and important for the managers to gain satisfaction in regarding with the customers. d. For this food chains, they are then able to gain the managing of the Customers service.RECOMMENDATION The results of this study is not conclusive due to the time constraints which inhibits the police detective to make extensive study. Hence, a more essential investigation is recommended before any generation of generality could be made. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Concepcion Rodil Martinez, Human resources Management Principles and Practices,rev. ed. (Manila National take for Store, Inc. , 1991). P. 3. 2. Carlos Lorenzana, Management Theory and Proactice, Manila Rex Book Store, Inc. , 1991). 3. buns K. Hemphill, Situational Factors in Leadership, Leadership studies No. (Personal research Board, Ohio terra unattackablea University). 4. Stephen P. Robbins, Personnel The Management of Human Resources, ( unused York Practice entrance hall Inc. , 1988) 5. Warren, R. Plunkett and Raymond F. Attner, Introduction to Management, 2nd Edition (Mass PWS- Kent Publishing Co. , 1991)PP. 341 342. 6. Theodore T. Herbert, Dimensions of organisational Behavior (New York Macmillan Publishing Co. , 1976) pp. 119 120. 7. Fred F. Fieldler, the Contingency Model New Dimensions for Leadership Utilization, Journal of Contemporary Business 3 (1974), pp. 79 80.Review of Related literature and StudiesThis Chapter presents the abstract framework of the study that determines the relationship of entrepreneurial Management and doing of subtile Business in prevalent Santos C ity. abstract Framework Despite the financial subside cognised everywhere, the wheels of our local prudence run to turn as our development spirals upwards, spick-and-span caper continue to open, and fresh investments pour in providing more utilisation and livelihood opportunities for the customarys, and in turn resulting to an increased qualification to provide for the families necessities, especially education.Because of the growing industry rival and market demands, our entrepreneurs become more skilled, more ingenious, more creative and more determined. Small melodic phrase is often regarded as entrepreneurship driven. The booming scotch operation in General Santos City, its competitive development such as infrastructure, the presence of malls, traffic light, hotly constructed commercial grammatical constructions and more than 12,000 plus registered businesses are some that create combat-ready communities in the city.Hence, the city was identified as the area of great advancement and these are all due to Small businesses investments. Small businesses are vital for sparing emergence and development in both alter and developing countries, by playing a get word role in creating rising jobs. Financing is needed to help them set up and expand their operations, develop new products, and invest in new staff or occupation facilities. Many footling business start out as an idea from one or twain people, who invest their own money and probably turn to family and friends for financial help in return for a share in the business.Figure 1. Conceptual Framework Chart The modelual framework as shown in figure 1 is smooth of three components. The first-class honours degree component is the Entrepreneurial Management and their exploit which can gives disturb in various areas it can also often closely associated with the firms general success and survival. This makes the second component includes the Operation by the business as to Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling. These component can create an impact to the industry that affects their operation at some point.Thus, makes the third component as composed of entrepreneurial orientation of menial businesses as to advanced(a)ness, pro activeness, and Risk Taking to seeks opportunity and take a bold action such as venturing into unheard-of market and committing resources to introduce new products or serve ahead. Related Literature Small Business is very important segments in the society. (Kao & Liang, 2001) defined small business as one that is owned independently (that is, it is not a subsidiary of a larger firm) and managed by its entrepreneur/owner with little or no delegation of decision-making to employees.PLANNING Planning refers to process by subtile their strengths and weaknesses are and where they stand in the market place. The link to readying is provided by Fitzroy & Hubert, (2004) who also noted similarities between entrepreneurs and successf ul senior managers in their ability to plan across longer time perspective than next-to-last managers or most non-managerial individuals. Thus, according to this line theory, planning should not be regarded as merely a bureaucratic exercise but more as evidence of a high managerial and organizational propensity and a unavoidable condition for carry on business growth.Entrepreneur and successful managers are more sense impression than other business owners and managers at overcoming apparent informational and production limitations to approach the theoretical production possibility frontiers of their enterprises. However, some-if-any- enterprises actually operate to full theoretical capacity and few targets are completely achieved even by firms that are generally considered to be successful. It is often argued that most business in fact only operate within an even more restricted set- the possibility set- of possibilities that owners deem to be germane(predicate) to their busin ess.This suggest an even close and more constant link between managerial perception and intentionality and the business performance of an enterprise. (Kenney, 2008) Organizing It is a essential to utilize the fullest potential of resources such as people, capital, and addition to ensure the success of the plans. Organizing arranges the resources that needed to implement the plan. In organizing, company structure is established, relationships are formed and resources are allotted appropriately to realize the objectives sought for.(Camposano, 2003). A good and sound management organization may refer to in general refers to increase in size. In research, firm growth has been in operation(p)ized in many ways and different measures have been used. This may be one reason for the contradictory results nameed by previous studies (Weinzimmer et al. , 1998235), though other explanations have also been presented (Delmar et al. , 2003 Davidsson & Wiklund, 2000). Entrepreneurs must also be able to equaliser their managerial duties with leadership activities.In other words, they have to be able to deal both the day to day operations of the business as well as decision making obligations that determine the organizations long term direction, philosophy, and future. It is a precarious relationship, but entrepreneurs must be both managers and visionaries in ready to build their organization. Indeed, it is contented that many otherwise quick-witted entrepreneurs have failed because they were unable to strike an appropriate eternal sleep between details of management and the larger representation that guides the new venture.Many entrepreneurs eventually reach a point where they realize that these twin obligations cannot be fully met alone. It is at this point that staffing decisions can become a lively component of long term business success. In general, entrepreneurs should search for ways to delegate some of their management tasks rather than their leadership tasks. After all, in most cases the new business has long been far more dependent on its founders. LEADING/ MOTIVATING enliven others to do their part effectively in carrying out the organizations plans.Entrepreneurial leaders have some specific leadership attributes. Entrepreneurial leadership is leadership that is based on the attitude that the leader is self-employed. Leaders of this type take initiative and act as if they are playing a critical role in the organization rather than a by and large important one and energize their people, demonstrate entrepreneurial creativity, search continuously for new opportunities and pursue them, take risk, venture into new areas and provide strategical direction and inspiration to their people, take responsibility for the failures of their team, learn from these failures and use them as a step to ultimate success and strategic achievement. Entrepreneurial leadership involves instilling the confidence to think, behave and act with entrepreneurship in the interest of fully realizing the intended designing of the organization to the beneficial growth of all stakeholders involved. supreme Controlling is a six-step process that involves several magisterial approaches to ensure performances standards are met in the most economical way.While overcomeling is a complicated management function, its splendor must not be under rated. They must (1. ) Establish performance standards. Performance standards give employees an idea of what is expected of them and tells how you assess their performance. This get wind is to maintain management control. (2. ) Conduct a job analysis and create a job description for each position within the company. Give feedback regularly and give one-year performance appraisals. This makes the employee aware of individual chance and weaknesses.Entrepreneurship establish and maintain an environment within the business to encourage a efficiency among employees conclusion the functions of management invo lve planning, organising, directing, and controlling of resources. This function is influence by objectives set by the entrepreneur. They are closely related to each other and interdependent. Organising ordinates the resources that needed to implement the plan. (Brown, et. al, 2005). Innovativeness To innovate successfully, firms must break out of the patterns that have shaped their thinking.For example, Tim Warren, director of research and technical operate at the oil giant Royal Dutch/ tucker, was sure that Shells employees had vast reserves of innovative talent that had not been tapped investing in new technology, R&D, and continuous improvement- for successful creative activity, firms must seek advantages from the in vogue(p) technologies. Innovativeness is concerned with supporting and encouraging new ideas, investigateation and creativity likely to result in new products, services or processes ( Fitzroy and Hubert, 2007 ).The indicators used to assess innovativeness compr ised the level of involvement in R&D, the extent of innovation and qualifications of the workforce. Firms were asked to indicate their level for involvement in R&D. For a small number of firms (13) R&D was their primary activity. In total, almost 60 % claimed to be highly involved in R&D, although a quarter undertook of R&D. The 2005 come after on the effects of entrepreneurial orientation, asked the nature of innovations as between product/service, process and logistics or delivery of service.Some firms record innovative activity across a broad spectrum whereas others recorded innovations only in respect of product or service. The renewal or extent of innovative activity was considered an important indicator of innovativeness (Daft, 2005) Pro activeness The concept of pro activeness refers to a firms efforts to seize new opportunities. Firms can use to act proactively (1) introducing new products or technological capabilities ahead of the competition- maintaining a high level o f pro-activeness is central to the corporate refinement of some major corporations.(2) Continuously seeking out new product or service offerings- firms that provide new resources or sources of supply can welfare from a proactive posture. Pro-activeness is concerned with first operator and other actions aimed at seeking to secure and cheer market share and with a forward-looking perspective reflected in actions taken in anticipation of future demand (Lumpkin Dess, 2005 ). The indicators of pro-activeness used here comprised quislingismism relative incidence and extent, innovations, (in particular the incidence of novel innovations) activities designed to treasure intellectual property and market structure.Information was sought about formal or in formal collaboration or alliances with other organizations during the 2 years forward to the 2005 study and the purpose of collaboration had relationship with atleast one of the following, firms in the same line of business customers and suppliers. The majority (more than deuce thirds) publishing collaborative compacts gave more than one purpose. However, regardless of the type of organization collaborated with the purpose of collaboration was dominated by market-related issues.Of 74 CEOs giving reasons for collaboration 62 mentioned either to expand the range of products/services and/or to provide access to new markets. half(a) of the remaining CEOs gave meeting menstruation customer/client needs as the purpose of collaboration. Given that market-related issues dominated reasons for collaboration, firms were assessed for pro-activeness in terms of the diversity of organizations with which they had collaborated.In common with other studies of small businesses ( Kitson and Wilkinson, 2006) the majority of firms (60%) could be classified as operation in recess markets confronting 5 or fewer serious competitors. Although endeavour to establish dominance in a receding market may demonstrate pro-activeness, account also needs to be taken of the extent to which that market is dominated by one or two customers, on which the firm is highly dependent. Few firms (13%) were dependent on a single customer for more than 50% of turnover.It can be suggested that the ideal recessional market sought is where customers dependence is comparatively low and serious rivals few. Such situations were considered to have a positive niche market effect. The reverse situation relatively high customer dependence combined with higher poesy of serious rivals was considered to have a negative effect and intermediate situation a indifferent(p) effect. On the basis of the above indicators the firms were scored in terms of their level of pro-activeness. RISK TAKINGRisk taking refers to an entrepreneurs tendency to take a bold action such as venturing into unknown new market, committing a large helping of resources to ventures with uncertain outcomes, and/or borrowing heavily, firms can use the following two me thods to reinforce their competitive position through risk taking (1)Researching and assessing risk factors to minimize uncertainty although all new business endeavors are inherently risky, firms that do their homework can commonly reduce their risk (2) using techniques that have worked in other domains-risky methods that other firms have applied successfully may be used to advance corporate ventures. (ferreire,2008). Measuring the extent to which individuals differ in their willingness to take risk is contentious.Early work in small business research tended to be focused on various psychological characteristics such as locus of control and tolerance of ambiguity. CEOs subjective evaluation of their approaches towards risk is also fraught with difficulty since what one person regards as a measured approach another may regard as crime. Others have suggested that the differentiating factor is the way risks are calculated (Norton and Moore, 2004). This study focused on behavior whic h might willingness to invest with uncertain returns level of spending on R&D and investment in training as indicated by level of off-job training for full-time employees.Just over half of the firms undertaking R&D spent an average of less than 10% of turnover on R&D in the 2 years prior to the 2005 study but a quarter recorded levels of more than 10% of turnover. Few firms (28) had sought venture capital and those that had were evenly separate in terms of success. Seeking venture funding was regarded as indicative of a willingness to take risks. The impact of involvement in technology arenas was evident from the incidence and extent of training undertaken. Many studies of small firms suggest that they do not train. However like other recent studies ( Barnett and storey, 2004) the incidence of training in the firms in this study was high. Almost two thirds provided some off-job training for full-time employees and in a quarter over 20% of full-time employees were given such traini ng.As with employment growth and qualification of the workforce, relative training performance was assessed in respect of employment size. RELATED STUDIES The study conducted by Poutziouos, Michaela and Soufani reports the findings of an observational investigation on the economic factors affecting small businesses in General Santos City. The study involved interviews in SMEs postal survey with responses from further companies, and entrepreneurship of small businesses. The findings show that although short-term entrepreneurship practices improve as companies grow there is scope for the owner- managers of small businesses to strengthen their trade credit management in order to reduce costs and enhance business performance. Moreover, they have to consider more financial options.This report has documented the key findings of many organizations responding global forces by re-engineering business process and shifting to horizontal organizations structures with self- say teams. Some are adopting structural innovations such as the network, to focus their core competencies while outside specialists handle other activities. In addition to these structural changes, nowadayss organizations face the need for dramatic strategic and structural change, and for rapid innovations in technology and products. (Daft 1998). The report looked t how economic factors affects small businesses in General Santos City, and how these business manage their organizations.In the study of Berry & Sweeting (2002) stated that deficiencies in Economic Factors have been repeatedly cited as a root cause of business failure. (Najak and Greenfield 1994) two arguments are advanced for such deficiencies in SMEs that new entrepreneurship is not relevant and that SME managers are unable to make up use of business. Here, it is argued that Business ideas are relevant to SMEs but that a process of innovations combining both knowledge to overcome a prohibition of belief and an outdoor(a) shock are nec essary in order for innovation to take place. These ideas were explored through a survey to SMEs from both service and manufacturing business in General Santos City. It was sight that the use of organizational techniques is negatively related to growth in turnover.However, the use of organizational techniques that were related to the product market was found to be positively related to growth in turnover and that owner/mangers belief in the brilliance of organization in business decisions was strong related growth very negatively related to size. The second theme of the research was the significance of the role of external advisors. Prima facie it was suggested that external advisors may be key agents of change, but the study revealed that their perceived value was relatively low. The findings of this survey suggest that when entrepreneurship is perceived to be relevant then it use does support business growth but innovation in be in SME requires further research.In a study of me asuring organizational performance by Wood & Walmsley (2004) it reports on the analysis methods used during a recent multi field experimentation that was aimed exploring concepts for a new planning process within a condition of nations. In February 2004 over four hundred participants from other countries took part in the multinational experiment conducted in a distributed collaborative environment. These participants formed a virtual coalition headquarters in order to plan an appropriate response to a crisis situation. These new planning process required whole-of-government approach encompass government departments, coordination of coalition partners, government agencies, non-governmentorganizations and other worldwide application of appropriate organizational structures and process together with supporting information system and technologies The challenge of this study and researcher was to design and develop valid and cast-iron measures of organizational performance. They foun d out that changes to the way the constructs were operational are required in order to take account of the practical complexities of measuring performance. In another study on organizational performance by Mcmillan, Diedrich and Entin (2005), immersive virtual simulations offer an opportunity to gain incursion and experience in new, innovative, organizational structures.Assessing the performance of these new organizations represents a considerable challenge due to the infinite of complex interrelated factors that may contribute to the outcomes observed in the simulation. Theories and models, often in the form of rehabilitative simulations of organizational performance, can guide the development of empirical performance measures by linking detailed behaviors to boilersuit outcomes for organizations. structural simulations can be used to create pregnant test conditions for immersive performance measurement , to identify those aspects of performance that are most critical to measu re, and to predict the effects of organizational structures on performance. Considerable challenge, however.This chapter provides examples of the use of the theories and formative simulations to structure empirical data collecting of organizational performance, and discusses the lessons learned from these efforts. The focus is on organizational structures for military command and control, including innovative structures associated with the new and rapidly evolving concept of network-centric warfare The study of Berry and Rodriguez (2001) reviewed the experience of small and intermediate enterprises in recent years in the Filipinos. It notes that while Filipinos economic growth picked up in the early 1990s/, the share of its small and ordinary enterprises (SMEs) in manufacturing employment and value added stayed roughly constant. However, the overall stability masks some dynamism across firm sizes and sectors.Thus, very small firms (with less than 10 workers) had higher than aver age rates of growth of total factor productivity during 1988-94c while larger firm (of between 50and 200 workers) experienced a decline in productivity. Toward the end of decade, the Philippines were affected by the economic factors but less seriously than some other Asians countries. Small firms do not seem to have been worse hit than larger firms. The Philippines has shown slow growth for decades, patronage some recent recovery efforts. The evidence indicates that the SME sector was emerging from the deep economic crisis of the 1980s and experiencing the first positive effects of the economy wide reforms employ in the late 1980s and early 1990s.By the mid- 1990s Philippine SMEs appeared to have recovered from long outcome of decline, but their performance, by itself, does not seem to have been vigorous enough to boost the Philippine economy after the 1997-98 crisis. Large firms and large foreign monomania have rationally characterized the Philippine manufacturing sector. Durin g a stop of deep market reforms in the 1990s the rude open up to more FDI. Trade and economic reforms help to improve the growth scenario without providing a period of high growth. During the current crisis the modern sector manufacturing dominated the recovery by exporting high-end items and helped to buffer other negative impacts on Philippine manufacturing while creating a new, but small, breed of SMEs small or medium foreign-owned enterprises.The study presented in a forum of transnational Development Studies on September 2005, attempted to snap the ways of governments bureaucratic system in the service delivery of SME sector affects the day-to- day operations of small enterprises, along with other related issues such as the central- local government relations, decentralization, partnership and networking approach, and the demand- supply driven public services. It looked at the experience of the Philippine governments policies and programs aim at SMEs growth. Dubbed as the na tional SME Development Agenda. The schedule incorporate a comprehensive and integrated approach to SME development, under the national governments direction. Apparently, the schedule are centrally planned. Designed and implemented. At the lowest level of the government hierarchy, the local government units are entirely left only the monitor and coordinate the implementation of central government actions. Hence, the role and responsibility of local stockholders are of well defined (especially the local governments).Citing Zamboanga City, the economic center of western Mindanao region, the local government is lacking ownership involvement, and commitment to this national initiative. Despite this national government-led support scheme. SMEs are continually facing some problems and pressures pertaining to their business operations. Analysis on the effect of national governments a support scheme at the firm level is presented, with some implications toward the end. The study of Taman gan, Jocef and Habito (2004) discussed the role of SMEs in economic development has been well recognized. SMEs have been regarded as an important contributor to employment generation and wealth creation in developing economy.Ironically, however, SMEs have been discriminated against considering a mess hall of issues, In almost all countries, there is either a separate policy statement for SME (or for micro or cottage industries) or a general industrial policy statement with some potions of relating to SMEs. Philippines SME development policies that have been set in place may have been in light of major Philippine industrial development policies. Historically, the common thread that binds Philippine industrial policies has been the emphasis on policies regarding expansion of exports, increases in foreign investments, development of the private sector, and enhancement of home(prenominal) linkages. Moreover, there might have been industrial policies that may have been undermined SME d evelopment because inherent scale biases.Inroads regarding SME development have been realized in the economy thus far, but Philippines SMEs can still derive some lessons from the Japanese experience, particularly Japanese practices regarding subcontracting and clustering. There is also a need to realize that it is now substandard to address commonplace themes and roadblocks experienced by Philippine SMEs identified through historical experiences, Nowadays, it is inescapable to note the concerns regarding SMEs will have to be considered and addressed in light of globalization, which is most easily comprehended in terms of international trade. Bilateral trade cooperation is reciprocally beneficial.One way for Japan to encourage Philippine SME development, as part of bilateral trade cooperation, is to identify and to open some Japanese markets to Philippine SME exports. Hence, sector (or even sub-sector) identification in general, and product identification in particular, is a necess ary first step to this end. The study of Salazar (1984) which was conducted among the 230 SMEs located in Region III, IV, NCR and VII in which the SMEs are located. The result of the study presented the economic factors practices espouse by the SMEs on cash forecasting, cash maintenance, sourcing of funds, assignation of borrowed funds and control measures fordaily operations. A study of Stan, Landry and Evans (2004) on landmark spanners satisfaction with organizational support services An internal communications perspective, offered insights into how internal communication by both managers and service providers impact a boundary spanners satisfaction with support services. The study used path analysis or structural equation pattern as a statistical tool. Results indicated that service provider and manager communications are largely complementary color and that satisfaction with service outcomes, rather than service quality, appears to have an enduring impact upon a boundary sp anners overall job satisfaction.Small and medium enterprises have long been building blocks of the Philippine economy comprising more than a majority of the total businesses operating in the country. Despite the numbers given and their contributions, many problems beseech the sector. One is in the aspect of the Economic Factors. Areas such as accounting systems, financing, working capital management and capital budgeting are some of the basic concerns of an SMEs which if not given the necessary attention could have an impact on the performance of the enterprise as a whole. The organizational performances of these enterprises are also dependent on these Economic Factors practices such as their competitive advantage, profitability, productivity, sustainability and innovation.